Chimasanduka - ndi ... zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka. makalasi chimasanduka

Gulu la zinthu monga mafuta ndi methane, gasi. zosiyanasiyana awo ndi aakulu. Izi, kumene, pa chimasanduka. Ndi onse imodzi mwa ambiri ndipo zosiririka kwambiri zinthu umunthu. Kodi iwo akuimilira? M'pofunikanso kukumbukira, monga zikunenedwa mu kapangidwe 9 kalasi.

chimasanduka

kalasi zipangizo Chili zosiyanasiyana mankhwala, ambiri mwa wachita kale bwino ntchito pa zofuna zawo munthu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mpweya zosavuta kupanga kumangidwa mankhwala, mu wa hydrogen makamaka, choncho pali zosiyanasiyana. Popanda moyo sizikanatheka mu mawonekedwe imene ife tikudziwa izo.

Chimasanduka - chinthu wopangidwa mwa zinthu ziwiri mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. mamolekyulu awo osati liniya komanso nthambi ndi maonekedwe anatseka zingwe zopota.

Gawo

Mpweya ndipamene nsinga zinayi, ndi wa hydrogen - wina. Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti chiŵerengero awo nthawi zonse 1 4. Mfundo ndi yakuti pakati pa maatomu mpweya kungakhale osati umodzi komanso awiri ndi patatu kumangigwa. Malinga ndi muyezo izi kusiyanitsa makalasi a chimasanduka. Mbali yoyamba zinthu zimenezi zimatchedwa malire (kapena alkanes), ndipo chachiwiri - unsaturated kapena unsaturated (alkenes ndi alkynes chifukwa limasonyeza awiri ndi zitatu motero).

Gawo lina amapereka kulingalira molekyulu ndi. Pankhaniyi kusiyanitsa chimasanduka aliphatic, amene liniya dongosolo, ndi carbocyclic, chatsekedwa dera. Izi nayenso anawagawa alicyclic ndi zonunkhira.

Komanso, chimasanduka nthawi zambiri pansi polymerization - ndondomeko za ubwenzi wa mamolekyulu zofanana ndi mzake. Chifukwa ndi zinthu zatsopano, mosiyana m'munsi lapansi. Chitsanzo ndi polyethylene kuwapeza ethylene chabe. Izi zimatheka pamene izo zifika chimasanduka unsaturated.

Kapangidwe, amenenso a gulu la unsaturated, ntchito ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu wawo angagwirizanitse ndipo maatomu latsopano ena kuposa wa hydrogen. Pankhaniyi, analandira ena zinthu organic: alcohols, amines, ketones, esters, mapuloteni, etc. Koma kwathunthu osiyana mutu umagwirira ...

zitsanzo

Chimasanduka - ndi yaikulu zosiyanasiyana zinthu, ngakhale kutenga nkhani gulu la. Komabe, tiyenera mwachidule atchule mayina a mankhwala m'gulu kalasi lalikulu.

1. Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka - ndi methane, ethane, propane, byuteni, pentane, hexane, heptane, etc. The mutu woyamba ndi wachitatu bwino, ngakhale anthu alibe anzake umagwirira ... Chotero anaitana mitundu zachilendo mpweya.
2. The alkenes (olefins) kalasi monga ethene (ethylene), propene (propylene), butene, pentene, hexene ndi monga D..
3. Kuti alkynes ndi ethyne (acetylene), propyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, ndi zina zotero. D.
4. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, pawiri ndi patatu nsinga akhale wosakwatiwa. Pankhaniyi, nyumba amenewa ndi alkadienyl ndi alkadiinam. Koma kwambiri sayenera wofufuza.
5. Koma chimasanduka, dongosolo limene kutsekedwa, kwa iwo ali ndi maina awo: cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes ndi cycloalkynes.
6. Choyamba Mayina: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, etc ...
7. Mu kalasi lachiwiri monga cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene ndi monga D..
8. Pomaliza cycloalkynes, si mwachibadwa zikuchitika. Ife anayesa kuti lithe kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo izo zinali chabe kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX. Cycloalkynyl mamolekyulu zigwirizana osachepera 8 mpweya maatomu. Ndi kuchuluka yocheperako pawiri chabe osakhazikika chifukwa cha maganizo kwambiri.
9. Pali m'bwalomo (chimasanduka onunkhira), losavuta komanso ambiri omwe ali woimira benzene. Komanso mu kalasi monga naphthalene, furan, thiophene, indole, ndi zina zotero D..

katundu

Monga tanena, chimasanduka - nambala yaikulu zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, kulankhula za chuma chawo wamba penapake zachilendo, chifukwa chakuti palibe.

Mbali chomwecho mu chimasanduka onse tinganene kuti ngati zikuchokera. Komanso mfundo yakuti pa chiyambi cha mzera uliwonse, chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya, kusintha kwa gaseous ndi madzi mawonekedwe ndi olimba.

Pali kufanana kwina: chimasanduka onse ndi flammability wabwino. Pankhaniyi kwambiri kutentha, kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi madzi.

zachilengedwe

Ngati mchere ena chimasanduka ali mu mawonekedwe a madipoziti ndi nkhokwe mu matanthwe a. Makamaka, akupanga zambiri za mafuta ndi gasi. Izi akuonekera bwino mu processing wa iwowa: pochita akumasula ndalama yaikulu ya zinthu, ambiri amene amatanthauza kwenikweni chimasanduka. Gasi palimodzi kuti 80-97% ambiri tiri dziko. Ndiponso, dziko amapangidwa pa kuwonongeka kwa zinyalala zotsalira, kotero kuti kukonzekera Kodi kulibe vuto lalikulu.

zina hydrocarbon - zasayansi. Anthu zinthu zomwe sanalembedwepo pa chilengedwe, angathe kukonzekera kwa mankhwala ena mwa zochita mankhwala.

ntchito

Chimasanduka kumathandiza yaikulu mu moyo wamakono wa anthu. Mafuta ndi gasi akhala zothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa kutumikira monga mafuta ndi mphamvu. Koma iyi si njira chabe ya ntchito mankhwala ku kalasi. Chimasanduka - kwenikweni zonse lozungulira anthu pamoyo wawo. Ndi polymerization anali amatha kupeza zipangizo zatsopano za zomangamanga kwa zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya mapulasitiki, nsalu, etc. palafini, solvents, utoto ndi mankhwala varnish, waxes, phula, phula, phula, ndi kuti si kuwerenga lalikulu mankhwala woyengeka - .. Wa mafuta ndi dizilo.

Phindu la zinthuzi ndi zoopsa. Monga unsaturated ndi zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka - mazana ndi zikwi za zinthu zimene aliyense ntchito ndipo simungakhoze kuchita popanda iwo mu losavuta zinthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito iwo ndi kovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kutenga nkhani yakuti mafuta ndi gasi nkutha monga akatswiri kulosera. Kale, anthu akhala ndi kufufuza mphamvu kwa magwero mphamvu zina, koma palibe njira sizinathe anasonyeza dzuwa lomwelo ndiponso ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana monga chimasanduka.