Zarostok fern zikuwoneka ngati chiyani? Kodi maonekedwe amachita fern zarostok (chithunzi)

Mumapezekanso aona aliyense wa ife. Izi zomera herbaceous ndi inafalitsidwa mu zone ya kotentha. Ndipo mtundu wa fern zarostok? Yankho la funso limeneli lili mu nkhani yathu.

General maonekedwe a dipatimenti

Fern ndi nthumwi za zomera apamwamba spore. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba zomera m'dziko, amene yodziwika ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• maonekedwe a zimakhala izi ndi ziwalo;
• Busa zamoyo;
• kubalana mwa asexual kubalana maselo - spores;
• kusinthana kwa mibadwo mu mkombero moyo.

Ku mitundu ano, kupatula Mumapezekanso, gulu ili mwadongosolo zikuphatikizapo ndere, kalabu ndere ndi horsetails. zomera zonsezi kugonana ndi m'badwo asexual ndi osiyana njira la kubalana ndi mbali morphological. Choncho, fern sporophyte ndi masamba mbewu. Mbadwo uno asexual. Koma gametophyte - zarostok fern, ali mawonekedwe osiyana kwambiri.

Features lifecycle

Asexual m'badwo mbewu Mumapezekanso tichipeza mizu ndi mphukira. Padziko, tikuona masamba pawiri. Iye yekha anathawa mutates ndipo akufotokozera mobisa. Iwo akutchedwa pomwepo kenaka. Kunja, kapangidwe izi makamaka akufanana chiwalo mobisa. Koma pomwepo kenaka ndi chothawa, chifukwa tichipeza internodes, mfundo ndi impso.

Pa underside wa fern masamba ndi apoyera mukhoza kuona yaing'ono tokhala bulauni. Iwo sporangia, imene maselo anapanga ndi asexual kubalana. Akakhwima, iwo agwere mu nthaka lonyowa. Kumeneko kukula, kupanga zarostok fern. Kapangidwe uyu ali ndi wosiyana kwambiri - lathyathyathya wobiriwira mbale. Makulidwe prothallia ochepa - millimeters ochepa. Choncho, kusiyanitsa iwo mu chivundikiro wandiweyani zomera malowo zovuta.

Kodi mtundu wa fern ali zarostok

Ngakhale tosaoneka kukula, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya siteji ya chitukuko zomera ndi zovuta kumvetsa. Mu chithunzi prothallia fern kuona bwino lomwe kuti ikusintha mosiyana zomera m'badwo asexual. Advantageously, lili mtima woboola mtundu m'mbali wavy. Pakati pa mbale ndi chachikulu. M'mbali mwa wosanjikiza n'kakang'ono wosakwatiwa, pang'ono translucent.

Zarostok fern ali mawonekedwe mbale mtima woboola pakati, pansi pa amene anapanga rhizoids wandiweyani tufts. Mizu awa, nyumba awa amasiyana pakalibe minofu. Iwo amakhala ndi maselo amene amaphatikizidwa anatomically, koma mwa ntchitozo payokha. Rhizoids kuchita ntchito ya ubwenzi gawo lapansi gametophyte.

N'kofunika kuti chitukuko cha sporophyte ndi zimene maselo prothallia muli chlorophyll. Izi zimabweretsa ndondomeko ya dzuwa ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zofunikira organic kupanga zomera asexual kubereka, amene ali miyeso chidwi kwambiri.

chitukuko gametophyte

spores Fern kukhala yekha dothi lonyowa. yogawa awo anachita ndi madzi, mphepo, tizilombo ndi mbalame. Motero, kuti zimere spores anapanga mbale. Mu kukula kwake mtanda yachigawo ya sadzachitanso ukufika 3 mm. Zarostok fern zaikidwa pansi mwa rhizoids, amene amathandiza komanso zomera zina mphamvu.

Kumbali pansi dongosolo lino imakonzedwa kumaliseche - gametangia. nyumba zimenezi ndi tosaoneka kukula, zomwe ndi zovuta kumvetsa. Iwo ali a mitundu iwiri. Amuna amatchedwa antheridia. Akamakula umuna. Izi maselo nyongolosi kuti ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Koma kayendedwe ka umuna n'chotheka pamaso pa madzi. Choncho, kupezeka kwa chinyezi ndi chofunika kuti ndondomeko ya umuna zomera zonse spore. Female ziwalo zoberekera amatchedwa archegonium. Iwo anapanga ndi dzira amodzi.

Pakuti Mumapezekanso yodziwika ndi mtanda umuna. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti antheridium kusasitsa ndi archegonia zimachitika panthawi zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, maphatikizidwe wa gametes zambiri amapezeka pakati mphukira osiyana.

sporophyte

Wa dzira akufotokozera m'badwo asexual Mmera wonse, umene ndi osakhala mu mkombero moyo wa fern. Njirayi imatchedwa sporophyte. Ngati fern zarostok ali mawonekedwe a mbale, m'badwo asexual ndi chomera herbaceous. Iwo ali kuthawa mobisa kusinthidwa - pomwepo kenaka. Chifukwa masamba vegetative oyenerera adalira masamba kukhala. Iwo ali a mitundu iwiri. masamba Young amatchedwa masamba. Iwo spirally zopotoka ndi tinabadwa predpobegami. Okhwima fern masamba zovuta, wodzaza.

Pakati pa kugonana ndi asexual m'badwo fern pali wina kusiyana kwambiri. Zarostok fern ali rhizoids ndi sporophyte - adventitious mizu.

mitundu wakale

Modern fern zomera ndi kuchuluka okwanira mitundu. Wa spore onse, gulu ili ochuluka kuposa. Ichi ndi chifukwa dongosolo chawo wangwiro kwambiri. Pa gawo pano, pali mitundu yoposa 10,000.

Koma Mumapezekanso wakale ndi maonekedwe osiyana kwambiri. pachimake anafika makamaka nthawi Carboniferous. Ngakhale mtengo Mumapezekanso kufika mpaka mamita 40 kutalika. Zinali zochititsa chidwi, ndipo m'lifupi thunthu. Zinali mamita 2.

Zikamera, mbeu izi pa dziko kunayamba nyengo Paleozoic. M'kupita kwa zinthu, iwo ali mbadwa zomera dziko loyamba - Rhyniophyta. Zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo. Mumapezekanso wakale anakhala zinatha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Iwo ndi maziko a lofunika mchere mafuta - malasha.

Choncho, m'nkhani ino ife tinapeza mtundu wa fern zarostok - gametophyte. Ndi chabwino tosaoneka mbale wobiriwira. Ndi kugonana m'badwo Mumapezekanso. Zarostok anayamba padera ku asexual zomera m'badwo angathe dzuwa, ali rhizoids. Kutacha kubalana ziwalo kugonana zomwe gametes anapanga. Chifukwa cha maphatikizidwe awo ndi chitukuko winanso wa zygote anapanga sporophyte fern ndi masamba dongosolo.