Zemsky kuti - thupi chapakati cha dongosolo boma. Zemsky kuti: ofotokoza ndi mbiri

Patapita nthawi Great distemper pang'onopang'ono kuchira ulamuliro Vladimir ndi Moscow mayiko. nkhondo zambiri komanso insurgencies chinthu chakale, dziko ali okhazikika anapezanso mphamvu tsarist autocracy. Kulimbikitsa kulamulira anali limodzi ndi kukula kwa akuluakulu ntchitoyi, amene anali Zemsky kuti - boma kulamulira m'chigawo chapakati ndi polojekiti thupi.

Kutchula koyamba

Pa Nthawi ya Mavuto palibe kwambiri boma akuluakulu kulibeko. Dera lonse la Russia wakhala pompo. Koma kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono mphamvu ya Moscow ukulu zinachititsa kuti patsogolo m'dziko amene amagwa pansi ulamuliro wa Moscow kalonga, kotero ofunika ndi mabungwe kasamalidwe dziko mwini.

Monga bungwe loziyimila palokha Zemsky kuti anali woyamba kutchulidwa zikalata 1564, ngakhale anthu ena ogwira ntchito amene anawaitana zemstvo madikoni ntchito yawo kuyambira 1500. Zikamera wa matupi centralized wa Board m'mayiko Russian ati kufooka mphamvu ya Kalonga ndi boyar apamwamba, kulimbitsa boma. Zemsky Sobor ndi malamulo omwe alipo nthambi awiri a mphamvu: malamulo ndi wamkulu. Msonkhano woyamba akambirane nthawi ya ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo mu 1549 ndipo chikugwirizana ndi aggravation lakuthwa nkhondo ndi "pansi" ndi "pamwamba" nthawi, amene kumaonekera mu likulu la mayiko Russian, ndi kunja kwa mzinda wa maukulu. History convening Zemsky Sobor ali zaka ziwiri. Mbiri yakale, kuikidwa ndi malamulo amene ankachita zipinda ziwiri: woyamba kupita ogwira, olemekezeka, asungichuma ndi butlers, wachiwiri - ana boyars, abwanamkubwa, akalonga ndi olemekezeka.

Kapangidwe ka Provincial Order

Mtokoma wa akuluakulu a Land kwa dongosolo anali kukuzungulira mutu, yoikidwiratu anthu otchuka m'deralo. Iwo anatenga alonda msewu, oponya mivi ndi gunners. Iwo imvera clerks latisi, yemwe ankayang'anira zipata kuzunguza mitu misewu ya Moscow akale, yarygi - udindo kukonza pavements ndi m'tauni osiyanasiyana, kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Udindo wa Provincial Order

kuti Zemsky kugwira ntchito yake pa maziko a malamulo ambiri ndi malamulo a apolisi. akuluakulu zake anakankhira clerks oyang'anira tauni ndi tretnikov alipo - proteges boyars ndi akalonga. Mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za akalonga a dongosolo anali:

• malo m'dera akuwayang'anira, kasamalidwe m'tawuni;
• zosonkhanitsira msonkho;
• litigation ndi litigation ndi wamba wa anthu;
• yazamalamulo, moto ndewu;
• kumenyana kormchestvom, mahule ndi njuga.

Mlingo wonse wa chitukuko cha Moscow anali ambiri akale tawuni: misewu ing'onoing'ono, yatsekera zinyalala, milu ya manyowa m'misewu ndi kununkha ndi tikukumana nawo. Kumalo azisangalalo ndi maholide akufuna kubweretsa kuti misewu ya Moscow, boma la mlatho ndi St. Nicholas wopha Street, nthawi zambiri lankhosa mfumu, mothandizidwa ndi pafupifupi Choncho. Kenako, ntchito zonse zonyansa wapatsidwa kwa munthu wapansi - yaryzhnyh. Iwo tinkauzidwa kuti kuyeretsa misewu, kuchotsa zinyalala, kutumikira mu makola a akuluakulu olemekezeka.

Moscow apolisi ntchito

kuti Zemsky kulipira ntchito ya polisi Moscow, lomwe ndi udindo ndondomeko ndi kupewa zolakwa zazing'ono. Management wa ndodo sanali kwambiri. Mutu wa dipatimenti apolisi anasankhidwa kukuzungulira kumutu amene ali ku ofesi ndi ofesi yaing'ono anali allocated. Kuthandiza oponya mivi anaima mutu ndi latisi clerks. Anthu olemera anali makhoti ndi kufufuza utumiki chitetezo ndipo pafupifupi asanaonane ndi apolisi chawochawo.

Development Zemsky kasamalidwe

Mu zaka za m'ma 17 Zemsky kuti unagawidwa bwalo County awiri, amene analamulira mu magawo awiri osiyana a Moscow. chiwerengero cha alonda amene anatumikirapo m'dziko la malamulo, kukodzedwa ntchito zake. zolembalemba onse wakhala ogaŵikana "Sitima" ndi "ndalama" podyerapo. Mu mabuku makamaka zidalowa opempha, mwaulesi ndi kutengedwa pambuyo ulemu mwa kusankha.

Pambuyo zaluso a Peter Ine, zochokera njira Loona za moyo, dongosolo linathetsedwa ndi Zemsky Sobor. Utumiki ndi Board inakhazikitsidwa ndi zitsanzo European kumadzulo. Kuti iwo anali ndi udindo kutumikira boma lakale.

chitsitsimutso Zemstva

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, kuchepa kwa dongosolo analipo a anakakamizika kusintha Tsar Alexander II za kukonzanso ulamuliro. Munthu woyamba anadutsa kusintha a m'dera wodzilamulira imene Makonsolo anapatsidwa mphamvu zambiri mwina amatha kusankha zinthu paokha.

Panthawi imeneyi, iwo ankanena za mankhwala a m'mudzimo ndi kuyamba pulogalamu "Zemsky dokotala". Order makonzedwe a zaumoyo kwachititsa kuti ngodya penipeni pa madokotala dziko ndi akuchipatala, amene ali ndi udindo chithandizo mwadzidzidzi.

mapulogalamu ophunzitsa anapatsidwa zinthu ufulu kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba magulu ochuluka kuposa anthu - wamba. bungwe District yokha watenga zochita pa ntchito yomanga njanji ndi kumanga mwa makampani akuluakulu mafakitale. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa moyo chikhalidwe m'matauni ang'onoang'ono ndi rejuvenate: owonetsera lotseguka, maphunziro akazi, malaibulale anthu ndi magulu ena a chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro. Mwatsoka, ulimi ndi nkhondo anawononga lingathe zonse kubweretsa moyo wa kusintha boma la zana la 19.

Pakali pano mu mbiri yakale ndi mpikisano zoyenera kuphunzira m'mbuyomu a dziko lakwawo, ntchito wamba: "" Order "," Zemsky Sobor "," Utumiki "," koleji "- kuti kwambiri" Yankho lolondola adzakhala "Zemsky Sobor", monga izo zinali aphungu ndi ena onse amene ali BOMA mabungwe - ndi wamkulu.