1991 zokhumba: Zoyambitsa ndi Zotsatira

Pali mbiri ya boma ku Russia chaka china, imene tingati ndi chosintha. Pamene mavuto zikuchitika ku dziko inafalikira kwa malire, pamene Mikhail Gorbachev sanathenso ntchito, ngakhale mu zinthu zachilengedwe mwamsanga, ndipo aliyense kuthetsa vuto mu dziko ndi mphamvu, ndipo anthu anasankha ndani kupereka chisoni awo, panali kulanda boma mu 1991.

Atsogoleri akale a boma

Atsogoleri ambiri a CPSU, amene anatsalira achitadi kasamalidwe ndiwofatsa, akudziwa kuti chitukuko kukonzanso pang'onopang'ono kumabweretsa imfa ndi mphamvu, koma iwo ali mphamvu zokwanira kuteteza kusintha msika wa chuma Russian. Mwanjira imeneyi anayesa kuletsa mavuto azachuma.

Komabe, atsogoleri sikudali kutero wake, kuti njira ya zokopa kulepheretsa gulu demokalase. Choncho njira yokhayo yotulukira zinthu izi, zomwe iwo anali kwambiri ayenera - ndi analengeza boma la mwadzidzidzi. Palibe sanayembekezere kuti, mogwirizana ndi zochitika izi zikuyamba 1991 kulanda boma.

The osokoneza udindo wa Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva, kapena kuchotsedwa kwa utsogoleri

Atsogoleri ena ndiwofatsa anafuna ngakhale amaumiriza Mikhail Gorbachev, amene anali ndi akamagwiritsa pakati pa utsogoleri okalamba ndi nthumwi za magulu demokalase amene anali mu malo lake. Iwo Yakovlev ndi Shevardnadze. Izi malo osakhazikika Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva anatsogolera chakuti iye pang'onopang'ono kutaya thandizo la onsewo. Ndipo posachedwa atolankhani anayamba kulowa zokhudza zokhumba akubwera.

Kuchokera April kwa July, Mikhail Gorbachev ankakonza mgwirizano, amatchedwa "Novo-Ogarevo", ndi ukhaenda kuteteza kugwa kwa Soviet Union. Iye anafuna kusamutsa zambiri za mphamvu za Republic Federal. July 29 panali msonkhano ndi Gorbachev Nursultan Nazarbayev ndi Borisom Eltsinym. Kukamba mwatsatanetsatane mbali yaikulu ya pangano, komanso kusamutsidwa am'tsogolo ku malo awo atsogoleri ambiri ndiwofatsa. Ndipo anadziwika kwa KGB. Choncho, chochitika ukuyandikira ku nthawi imene mbiri ya boma Russian unadziwika ngati "wa August putsch mu 1991".

Achiwembuwo ndipo amafuna awo

Mwachibadwa, utsogoleri Communist Party ankadera nkhawa chigamulo cha Mikhail Sergeyevich. Ndipo pa nthawi ya tchuti wake wasankha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi ntchito mphamvu. Mu mtundu wa chiwembu umunthu ambiri otchuka nawo. Izi Vladimir Kryuchkov, amene panthawiyo anali wapampando wa KGB, Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanaev, Dmitriy Timofeevich Yazov, Valentin Sergeevich Pavlov, Boris Karlovich Pugo, ndi ena ambiri, amene anakonza 1991 kulanda boma.

Putsch August 18 anatumizidwa ku Mikhail Sergeyevich, amene anali patchuthi ku Crimea, gulu woimira zofuna za anachitira chiwembu. Ndipo iwo anapeleka zofuna zawo: kulengeza boma la mwadzidzidzi. Koma pamene Mikhail Gorbachev anakana, iwo anazinga nyumba yake ndi kudula mitundu yonse ya kulankhulana.

Boma wogwirizira, kapena ziyembekezo ndisanakumane

M'mawa pa August 19 ku likulu la Russia, za 800 magalimoto oti muli nazo zida pamodzi ndi ankhondo zikwi zinayi polima. Mawailesi zonse analengeza TV amene analenga Committee Emergency State, ndi kuti panatenga maulamuliro onse oyendetsera dziko. Pa tsiku limeneli, anthu kudzuka, kuyatsa waika awo TV, akanakhoza kokha kuwona Kuphunzira wosatha wa kuvina wotchuka wotchedwa "Mbalame ya Chinsansa Lake." Izi zinali mmawa wa August 1991 kulanda boma.

Anthu udindo chiwembucho, ankanena kuti Mihail Sergeevich Gorbachev anali kudwala ndi mongoyembekezera sangathe kuthamanga boma, choncho mphamvu zake ankadutsa Yanayev, amene anali wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko. Iwo ankaganiza kuti anthu ali kale ndatopa kukonzanso adzakhala kumbali ya boma latsopano, koma atolankhani bungwe ndi iwo, pamene iye anachita Gennady Yanayev, sanapange kuganiza moyenera.

Yeltsin ndi gulu lake

Anayamba 1991 zokhumba walephera putsch okonza. Anthu sanali kutenga mbali awo. Ambiri adakhulupirira zochita zawo oletsedwa. Makamaka pa August 19 pamsonkhano, umene unachitikira kunja White House, Yeltsin analankhula mtundu. Iye ananena kuti zinthu m'dzikoli ndi zinachititsa kulanda boma-1991 - ndi kulanda boma.

Photo wa Boris Yeltsin, panthawi ya kuyankhula pamaso pa anthu, lasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ambiri, ngakhale mayiko a azungu. Boris Yeltsin anali maganizo malinga ndi akuluakulu angapo amene imayendetsedwa udindo wake.

Putsch 1991. mwachidule za zochitika zimene zinachitika pa August 20 Moscow

A nambala yaikulu Muscovites anatenga misewu pa 20 August. Onse a iwo amayenera kupasuka m'chiwembucho. The White House, kumene iye anali Boris ndi anthu ake azungulira zokometsera (kapena, ngati iwo amadzitcha izo, kukana zokhumba). Iwo anamanga okwatiranawo ndipo anazungulira nyumbayo, safuna kubwerera dongosolo akale.

Pakati pawo panali Muscovites ambiri, ndipo pafupifupi mtundu wonse wa anzeru a. Ngakhale wotchuka Mstislav Rostropovich mwapadera zimauluka kuchokera United States kuthandiza dziko lawo. The putsch wa August, 1991, zimayambitsa amene - ndi kusafuna utsogoleri ndiwofatsa kuti mwakufuna kupereka mphamvu zawo, anathandiza chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu. M'mayiko ambiri kuthandiza anthu amene ankalimbikitsa White House. Ndipo zochitika ukufalitsidwa makhalidwe kuulutsa onse kutsogolera.

Kulephera chiwembucho, ndi kubwerera kwa Pulezidenti

Oonetsa ngati misa kusamvera wachititsa zochita chiwembu chofuna kukathyola milimo ya White House, anapatsidwayo. atatu m'mawa. chochitika choopsa zinachititsa kuti wovulalayo kuposa wina. Koma ambiri, m'chiwembucho analephera. Ankhondo, asilikali, ndipo ngakhale ambiri ozimitsa ndi "Alpha" anakana moto pa nzika wamba. Achiwembuwo anamangidwa, ndi pulezidenti wabwerera bwinobwino likulu ndi kusintha malamulo onse a zokhumba mwamtheradi. Choncho 1991 inatha August kulanda boma, ndi

Koma masiku awa kwambiri anasintha osati likulu komanso dziko lonse. zinthu zimenezi zinachitika kusintha mu mbiri ya mayiko ambiri. Soviet Union unatha, ndi mphamvu za ndale za boma kuti tipezenso mphamvu. Atangomva 1991 kulanda boma, pa August 22 Moscow misonkhano inachitika kachiwiri, kuimira gulu demokalase a dziko. Iwo ndi anthu onyamula nsalu yatsopano Tri-mtundu wa mbendera. Boris anafunsa abale a anaphedwa pa Kuzinga White House kukhululukira onse, monga analephera kuletsa zinthu zimenezi zomvetsa chisoni. Koma wonsewo anakhalabe chikondwerero m'mlengalenga.

Chifukwa cha kulephera kwa kulanda boma, ndipo kugwa chomaliza cha boma Communist

Tinayamba m'chiwembucho-1991. zifukwa zimene zinachititsa kuti linalephera, ndi mwachilungamo zoonekeratu. Choyamba, anthu ambiri amene akukhala mu chikhalidwe Russian, sankafunanso kubwerera mu nthawi ya stagnation. Kwambiri anasonyeza sakhulupirira Gulu Communist. Zina - zimenezi theka mtima wa achiwembuwo okha. Ndipo M'malo mwake, ndithu mwamakani pa mbali ya asilikali a demokalase omwe ankaimira ndi Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, walandira thandizo osati ku misa yambiri ya anthu Russian, komanso m'mayiko a Azungu.

1991 zokhumba sanali kokha anakumana ndi mavuto aakulu, komanso anabweretsa dziko kusintha kwambiri. Iye kukhale kovuta kukhala Soviet Union, komanso kuteteza kufala zina za mphamvu ya CPSU. Ndiyamika Boris Nikolayevich zinasaina Lamulo suspend unathandiza patapita kanthawi anali kusungunuka onse Komsomol ndi Communist mabungwe mu boma. A November 6 ulamuliro lotsatira definitively analetsa ntchito Communist Party.

tinatengera uchimo wa August zokhumba

Achiwembuwo, oyimirira ma Komiti Emergency, komanso anthu amene analimbikitsa mwakhama maudindo awo yomweyo anamangidwa. Ena a pa kufufuza za anadzipha. 1991 putsch unapha anthu angapo nzika wamba amene anateteza wa nyumba White House. Anthu amenewa anapatsidwa udindo wa Hero wa Soviet Union. Ndipo maina awo kosatha mbiri ya boma Russian. Ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Komar, Ilya Krichevsky ndi Vladimir Usov - oimira Moscow wachinyamata, amene anaima njira kusamukira magalimoto oti muli nazo zida.

Zochitika za nthawi kuti aliyense anawoloka nthawi ya ulamuliro chikominisi mu dziko. Kutha kwa Soviet Union linaonekera, ndi chachikulu misa anthu imayendetsedwa malo a asilikali a demokalase. Chotero wakhala yaikulu boma zokhumba zinachitika. August 1991 akhoza bwinobwino kuonedwa moti zikuchepa anatembenuka mbiri Russian boma ina yosiyana-siyana. Inali nthawi imeneyi kupondereza anali stvergnuta misa, ndi kusankha ambiri anali kumbali ya demokalase ndi ufulu. Russia walowa nyengo yatsopano ya chitukuko.