Ngwazi National wa anthu Caucasus Imam Shamil (mbiri)

Mmodzi wa wotchuka otchuka mitundu ya anthu Caucasus ndi Imam Shamil. Wambiri mwa munthu amatsogolera kuona kuti moyo wake unali wodzala ankasinthana lakuthwa ndi zochitika chidwi. Kwa zaka zambiri anali kupita chiwembu anthu a phiri la Russian Ufumu tsopano ndi chizindikiro cha ufulu ndi kuwukira mu Caucasus. Wambiri ya Imam Shamil adzakhala zafotokozedwa mwachidule mu ndemanga iyi.

Chiyambi cha ngwazi za

Popanda mbiri banja sadzakhala kwathunthu kupezeka kwa kumvetsa yonena za Imam Shamil. Chidule cha mbiri ya mtundu uwu wa chikhalidwe tidzayesetsa kuti mwachidule m'munsimu.

Shamil anabwera kuchokera m'malo wakale ndi laulemerero la Avar ndi Kumyk m'banja lapamwamba. Great-agogo ya ngwazi-Kumyk amir Khan yapamwamba kwambiri ndi ulemu kwa atsogoleri anzake. Shamil Ali agogo ndi bambo Dengav-Magomed anali Uzdenov kuti ndi analogi wa olemekezeka mu Russia, ie iwo a kalasi chapamwamba. Komanso, Dengav-Magomed anali wosula, ndi ntchito imatengedwa mapiri wolemekezeka kwambiri.

Mayi Shamil otchedwa Bach-Meseda. Iye anali mwana wa Avar wolemekezeka bey Doko Budach. Umene uli makolo ndi akuchikazi, iye anali makolo mfulu. Akuti ndi yonena za munthu wotchuka, monga Imam Shamil (mbiri). ngwazi National si bwino. Molondola okha kudziwa kuti iye ndi nthumwi ya Dagestan mapiri. Iwo kukhazikika bwino kuti munatuluka mwazi Avar mu misempha yake. Koma tikhoza kunena ndi ena obwera chifukwa cha Mwina, kuti iye anali Kumyk bambo.

Kubadwa kwa Shamil

Wambiri ya Imam Shamil, ndithudi, akuyamba ndi tsiku la kubadwa kwake. Chochitika chimenechi chachitika mu June 1797 m'dera la midzi Gimry ngozi. mudzi tsopano ili mu chakum'mawa kwa Republic of Dagestan.

Poyamba mnyamatayu dzina lake pambuyo agogo makolo - Ali. Koma posakhalitsa, anadwala, ndi mwana, malinga ndi miyambo pofuna kuteteza ku mizimu yoipa dzina inasintha Shamil. Ndi zosinthika ya dzina ya m'Baibulo ya Samueli, likumasuliridwa kuti "Mulungu amamva." Dzina chomwecho anali mlongo wa mayi ake.

Childhood ndi maphunziro

Monga mwana, Shamil anali ndithu othina, nadwala mnyamata. Koma pamapeto chinakula ndi n'zosadabwitsa athanzi ndi amphamvu anyamata.

Kuyambira ndili mwana anayamba kuumba khalidwe tsogolo la mtsogoleri kugalukira. Iye anali kufuna, tikuyamba mnyamata ndi wonyada, wosamva ndi wopondereza khalidwe. Imodzi mwa mbali ya Shamil inali isanachitikepo mtima. Ophunzitsidwa zida, iye anayamba ndi ana aang'ono.

Ndine owonetsetsa maganizo achipembedzo a Imam Shamil. The yonena za munthu uyu inextricably zogwirizana ndi yachipembedzo. mphunzitsi Shamil anali bwenzi lake Adil Muhammad. Mu zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, anali ophunzitsidwa Untsukul kutsogoleredwa ndi Jamaluddin Kazikumukh. Kenako anamva galamala, apamwamba, logic, jurisprudence, Arabic, nzeru, kuti phiri mafuko a zoyambirira za XIX atumwi ankaona mkulu mlingo kwambiri za maphunziro.

Caucasus nkhondo

pachibale kuti nkhondo Caucasus moyo wa ngwazi, ndipo zimenezi kangapo watchula yonena za Shamil. Mwachidule, longosolani nkhondo asilikali pakati pa phiri anthu ndi Russian ufumu wofunika takambiranazi.

Asilikali mkangano pakati pa mapiri a Caucasus ndi Russian Ufumu inayamba mu nthawi ya Catherine II, pamene panali Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1787-1791 gg.). Ndiye ng'ombezi, kutsogozedwa ndi Sheikh Mansour anafunafuna kuletsa Kukwezeleza ndi kulimbitsa Russia mu Caucasus, kugwiritsa ntchito thandizo la lake co-achipembedzo wa Ottoman. Koma Turkey ataya pankhondo imeneyi, ndi Sheikh Mansur analandidwa. Pambuyo Tsarist Russia anapitiriza kuwonjezera kukhalapo kwake mu Caucasus, kundivutitsa anthu wamba.

Ndipotu, kulimbikira kwa mafuko phiri ndipo sanaime pambuyo mtendere Russian ndi Turkey, koma mphamvu yapadera ya otsutsa anafika pambuyo poika mkulu General Alekseya Ermolova mu Caucasus ndipo kumalizidwa kwa Chirasha Persian nkhondo ya 1804-1813. Yermolov anayesa kamodzi kwa nthawi zonse vuto la kulimbikira anthu wamba ndi mphamvu, ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti mu 1817 ku nkhondo yeniyeni, yomwe inatenga zaka pafupifupi 50.

Ngakhale kumenyana m'malo nkhanza asilikali Russian opareshoni ndithu bwinobwino, kuwayika kulamulira madera onse yaikulu ya Caucasus ndi subordinating mafuko latsopano. Koma mu 1827, mfumu anakumbukira General Yermolov, osadziŵa kokhala maulalo ndi Decembrists, ndipo m'malo mwake anatumizidwa ku General Ivan Paskevich.

Zikamera wa Imamate

Pa nthawiyi, nkhondo ndi isanayambike wa Russian Ufumu anayamba kuphatikiza ya anthu Caucasus. Dera ataphimbidwa ndi mmodzi wa mafunde a Sunni Islam - Muridism, ganizo lalikulu limene linali jehad (nkhondo yopatulika) ndi osakhulupirira.

Mmodzi wa azilaliki chachikulu cha chiphunzitso chatsopano anali wazamulungu Ghazi Muhammad yemwe anali wa m'mudzi momwemo monga Shamil. Kumapeto kwa 1828 pa msonkhano wa akulu a mafuko a kum'mawa Caucasus Ghazi Muhammad analengeza Imam. Choncho, iye anakhala de A facto mutu wa boma utangoyamba - Caucasus Imamate - ndi mtsogoleri wa anthu kutsutsana ndi Russian Ufumu. Mwamsanga pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mutu wa Imam Ghazi Muhammad anatchedwa nkhondo yopatulika ndi Russia.

Tsopano mafuko Caucasus anali ogwirizana mu mphamvu imodzi, zochita zawo ndapeza kusamala kwambiri ndi asilikali Russian, makamaka popeza asilikali utsogoleri mphatso Paskevich akadali otsika talente Yermolov. Kunabuka nkhondo mwakhama. Kuyambira pachiyambi, mbali zosemphana ndi anatenga Shamil, anakhala mmodzi wa atsogoleri ndi ogwira Ghazi Muhammad. Iwo anamenya mogwirizana mu kumenyana Gimry mu 1832 m'mudzi kwawo. opandukawo anali kuzungulira ndi asilikali wachifumu linga, amene anagwa pa 18 October. Pa nthawi anaphedwa Imam Ghazi Muhammad ndi Shamil ngakhale ndiyotani anavulala, anakwanitsa zichoke lazungulira, pambuyo akuigwiritsa ndi asilikali ochepa Russian.

Latsopano Imam anakhala Gamzat Muzipemphera. zosangalatsa anali malinga ndi chakuti Shamil pa nthawi, anali kwambiri ndiwobvulazidwa. Koma Gamzat bey Imam anakhala pasanathe zaka ziwiri ndipo anaphedwa akangana wamagazi ndi limodzi mwa mafuko Avar.

Masankho a Imam

Choncho phungu chachikulu udindo wa mutu wa boma la North-Caucasus anakhala Shamil. Iye anasankhidwa kukhala seneti kumapeto 1834. Ndi pamaso pa mapeto a moyo wake adadziwika osati monga Imam Shamil. Wambiri (lalifupi mu ulaliki wathu, koma wolemera kwambiri mfundo) cha ulamuliro wake adzakhala operekedwa ndi ife pansipa.

chisankho kuti chinali chiyambi cha Imam ina siteji zofunika pa moyo wa Shamil.

polimbana Ufumu Russian

magulu onse anaika pa izo, kuti amenyane asilikali Russian anali bwino, Imam Shamil. mbiri yake imati kwathunthu kuti sia cholinga anakhala pafupifupi chinthu chachikulu mu moyo wake.

Mu nkhondo imeneyi, Shamil anasonyeza luso ndithu ankhondo ndi gulu, iye anali wokhoza kuphunzitsa asilikali chidaliro mu chigonjetso, sizipanga mopupuluma. Yotsirizira khalidwe wolemekezeka izo kuchokera Imams m'mbuyomu. makhalidwe amenewa analola Shamil apambana pokana ndi numerically lalikulu kuposa gulu lake lankhondo Russian.

ulamuliro Imamat pamene Shamil

Komanso, ntchito Islam monga chidutswa mabodza, Imam Shamil anatha kugwirizanitsa mafuko a Chechnya ndi Dagestan. Ngati akalambula wake mgwirizano wa mafuko a anthu Caucasus anali lotayirira Ndiyetu mkubwela kwa Shamil anamvetsa mbali zonse za statehood.

Monga lamulo anayambitsa lamulo Chisilamu Sharia m'malo mwa wakale malamulo ng'ombezi (adat).

Caucasus Imamate lidagawikana m'zigawo, lotsogoledwa ndi Imam Shamil kuika naibs. Background izo muli zitsanzo za anayesa kuwononga pazipita kasamalidwe centralized. ulamuliro Judicial aliyense wa chigawocho kuyang'anira mufti, amene anamuika Qadi oweruza.

ukapolo

zaka twente-faifi a ulamuliro ndi bwino mu North Caucasus Imam Shamil. Wambiri, ndi kagawo mwachidule zomwe adzaikidwa pansipa, limasonyeza kuti mu 1859 kunasintha moyo wake.

Pambuyo pa mapeto a Crimea nkhondo komanso mapeto a ku Paris Mtendere itakula ntchito mu Caucasus, asilikali a Russia. Against Shamil Mfumu anaponya ndi atsogoleri odziwa - akazembe Muraviev ndi Bariatinskii, imene April 1859 anakwanitsa yolanda likulu la Imamate. Mu June 1859 wopandukayo gulu lomaliza akhala kuletsedwa kapena atulutsidwa Chechnya.

National kumasulidwa kayendedwe kunabuka pakati pa Adygei ndipo anasamukira ku Dagestan, dera limene iye anali yekha Shamil. Koma mu August, chipani chake anazinga asilikali Russian. Pamene magulu ankhondo anali wosiyana, Shamil anakakamizika kuti adzipereke, ngakhale mawu wolemekezeka kwambiri.

mu ukapolo

Kodi amatiuza za nthawi imene mkaidi anali Imam Shamil, yonena? Mwachidule yonena za munthu uyu alibe atikokere wei zithunzi za moyo wake, koma adzalola kuti osachepera yovuta maganizo mbiri ya munthu.

Mu September 1859 Imam koyamba kwa Russian Mfumu Alexander II. Izo zinachitika mu Chuguev. Posachedwa Shamil anatengedwera ku Moscow, kumene anakumana ndi wotchuka General Yermolov. Mu September, ndi Imam anabweretsedwa ku likulu la Russian ufumu umene unaperekedwa kwa Mfumukazi. Monga tikuonera, mtsogoleri wa kugalukira pa bwalo ankachitira wokhulupirika kwambiri.

Posachedwa Shamil ndi banja lake anapatsidwa malo okhazikika okhala - mzinda wa Kaluga. Mu 1861 kunali msonkhano wachiwiri ndi mfumu. Panthawi imeneyi, Shamil anapempha kuti amulole kupita wopita ku Mecca, koma anakana.

Patapita zaka zisanu, Shamil ndi banja lake atenga lumbiro la kukhulupirika kwa Russian Ufumu, motero kutenga Russian nzika. Patatha zaka zitatu, malinga ndi lamulo Mfumu, Shamil analandira knighthood kwa ufulu kupatsira ndi cholowa. Chaka pamaso Imam izi analoledwa kusintha malo awo okhala ndi kusuntha ndi yabwino kwambiri nyengo Kiev.

N'zosatheka kufotokoza mu yochepayi review zonse anapulumuka mu ukapolo Imam Shamil. Wambiri mwachidule limanena kuti mkaidi uyu anali Koma omasuka ndithu ndi kulemekezedwa, osachepera ku mawonedwe a Russian.

imfa

Pomaliza, mu 1869 chomwecho, Shamil anatha akufuna chilolezo cha mfumu pa Hajj ku Mecca. Round Tinayenda kuposa chaka.

Pambuyo Shamil mapulani zopezeka moyo, ndipo izo zinachitika mu 1871, iye anaganiza zopita ku mzinda wachiwiri woyera kwa Asilamu - Medina. Pali anafa pa chaka makumi chachinayi cha moyo. Imam m'manda ku dziko lakwawo kwa Caucasus, ndi Medina.

Imam Shamil: yonena, banja

Banja wotanganidwa mu moyo wa munthu uyu malo ofunika Komabe, monga mapiri onse Caucasus. Tiyeni tiphunzire zambiri za achibale ndi anzake a womenya kwambiri kwa ufulu wa anthu ake.

Malinga ndi miyambo Muslim, Shamil anali woyenera ndi akazi atatu malamulo. Iye anatenga ntchito ufulu umenewu.

Mwana wamkulu wa Shamil dzina lake Jamaluddin (anabadwa mu 1829). Mu 1839 iye anapatsidwa monga akapolo a. Anaphunzira St. Petersburg pa ndime ndi ana a otchuka mafuko. Kenako Shamil anatha kusinthitsa mwana wa mkaidi wina, koma Jamaluddin anamwalira ali ndi zaka 29 TB.

Mmodzi wa kudzathandiza pamwamba pa bambo wake anali mwana wachiwiri - Gazi-Muhammad. Mu ulamuliro wa Shamil naib anakhala wa ma distilikiti. Iye anafa mu 1902 mu Ottoman.

Mwana wachitatu - Anati - ambiri anafa ali wakhanda.

Wamng'ono ana - Muammad-Shefi ndi Muhammad Kamil - anamwalira mu 1906 ndipo mu 1951 ankalemekeza.

Zochita za Imam Shamil

Ife kunachokera ulendo wa moyo, umene unali Imam Shamil (mbiri, zithunzi ndi kuperekedwa m'nkhani). Kodi mungaphunzitse maonekedwe a munthu uyu amapereka zambiri izi ng'ombe, wochokera Caucasus. Zikuonekeratu kuti ndi wolimba mtima Malingana ndi umunthu, kukonzekera cholinga apamwamba kuti ndikukaikira kwambiri. About Shamil kulimba khalidwe kangapo anasonyeza m'nthawi yake.

Pakuti Mountain Peoples wa Caucasus, Shamil nthawizonse kukhala chizindikiro cha kulimbana kwa ufulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo ena mwa njira wotchuka Imam sikuti zizigwirizana malingaliro amakono za malamulo a nkhondo ndi anthu.