Zemstvo: kufotokoza mwachidule

Zemsky bungwe - ndi thupi wamkulu, amene analengedwa chifukwa cha kusintha mu 1864 mu ulamuliro wa Alexander II. mabungwe apangidwa kukhala mbali ya angapo kusintha zimene zaperekedwa mu theka lachiwiri la zana lino.

Makhalidwe a m'badwo

The kutsogolera mwamsanga wozengereza kukonza mmalo osiyanasiyana Russian anali chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. mbali yofunika kwambiri imeneyi akufuna kusintha mwamsanga pa utsogoleri dongosolo chikhalidwe, milandu, komanso zaluso m'minda ya maphunziro komanso chikhalidwe. Choncho, kwenikweni kwa zaka mndandanda wa miyeso oyendetsera ndi kukonza la mabungwe a milandu unachitikira. Mu 1864, mfumu inaika lamulo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zemstvos wapadera. Pa chitsanzo yomweyo pambuyo pake imachitikira ndi kusintha m'tawuni. watsopano owolowa manja hayala yunivesite kunachitika amene mwapatsidwa kudziyimira pawokha ikuluikulu kuti mabungwe. Choncho, kukhazikitsidwa kwa m'dera wodzilamulira ndi chinthu chofunikira zinthu kusintha kwa Alexander II.

prehistory

Zemstvo matabwa sanali ndi luso: ntchito ya kusintha anawakonzera pachiyambi cha m'ma. Alexander I analamula Speransky kukonzekera kusintha kwa kuwalimbikitsa makonsolo. Yopangidwa ndi dongosolo States lotchedwa kwa chilengedwe cha magulu atatu a mphamvu: kumidzi boma, chigawocho ndi chigawo. Pa aliyense wa milingo imeneyo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kiyama: m'deralo olemekezeka, nzika ndi anthu wamba anali boma bungwe kumidzi, amene amasankhidwa ndi County, ndi yamasika, nayenso, anapanga akuzigawo ndi mmodzi yekha - Russian State Duma. ntchito m'dzikolo ulamuliro masankho, mwina, anali ofunika kwambiri ntchito Speransky, ngakhale kuti chisankho si wamba eniake zowona. Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma, Dongosolo ili linali sadatsatire, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri zopezeka kusintha kwa Alexander II.

chikhazikitso

Zemstvo matabwa anali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya dongosolo latsopano ulamuliro. Malinga ndi malamulo, pansi analenga utsogoleri akuzigawo ndi chigawo misonkhano zemstvo, womwe osankhidwa matupi wamkulu - makonsolo. Chiwerengero anatenga gawo chabe kusankha msonkhano wa chigawo. adzaponye chisanko munali nzika, ndi m'tawuni ndi anthu wamba. chotenga mbali zinali zochepa ziyeneretso katundu. Gulu loyamba - ndi tidakocheza chuma cha osachepera 200 zakhumi, malo ndi osachepera 15 zikwi rubles .. kapena zina pachaka ndalama.

adzaponye chisanko Urban anali kukhala ndi zamalonda kapena mafakitale kapena ndalama pachaka osachepera 6 zikwi. Opaka. chisankho wamba anali awiri gawo: dera akumidzi ndi parishi. Choncho, ubwino nzika zazikulu ndi bourgeoisie, pamene ufulu wa anthu ambiri akhala okha.

kapangidwe

Zemsky bungwe osankhidwa akuzigawo ndi chigawo zemstvo ikuluikulu. olemekezeka kutsogozedwa ndi atsogoleri a misonkhano iyi. Choncho, kalasi watenga malo aakulu mu matupi a boma. Koma matupi awa alibe mphamvu zandale, ndi ntchito zawo zinali zochepa kuti akulankhula ndi zofunikira zawo ndi malo. Komanso, ntchito zawo akulamuliridwa ndi chapakati ndi makonsolo. Choncho, wapampando wa bungwe m'dera chigawo m'chigawo munakonda Nduna ya za M'dziko. Nthawi zambiri milandu imene ntchito za m'dera wodzilamulira ngakhale okha. Komanso, iwo analibe mwini Chilango ndi malamulo mabungwe awo ndipo ngati n'koyenera, anakakamizika kutembenukira kwa apolisi ndi yoyendetsa, potero kuvomereza kudalira kwake iwo. Komabe, kusintha chinathandiza revitalization wa ntchito pagulu m'munda wa anzeru a.

ntchito

Khrisu amene anavomereza mpando zemstvo, akutsimikizira bwanji akuluakulu a boma chidwi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa matupi awa. Mutu wa boma County kuika movomerezedwa ndi kazembe, amene anatsatira ntchito kuboma. Ntchito boma latsopano m'gulu bungwe kuchita okhudzidwa: ulamuliro wawo anali njanji, zipatala, maphunziro onse, kuwongolera ulimi kuthandiza ndi chitukuko cha ulimi. Iwo anapanga bajeti awo ozikidwa pa misonkho chuma, ndi zambiri za anthu wamba anagwa. Komabe, ophunzira ambiri anakumbatira kusintha zolimbikitsa: zambiri madokotala luso, aphunzitsi, azachipatala, akatswiri anapita kukagwira ntchito ku mudzi ndipo amathandiza kuti chitukuko chuma, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo.

mtengo

Mu dongosolo latsopano Zemstvo matabwa anali waukulu wamkulu wagawo, chifukwa amagwira ntchito zofunikira zawo. Iye anasankhidwa kwa zaka zitatu ndi inkakhala ndi mpando ndi anthu atatu mozungulira. Koma ngakhale akuoneka kusintha zabwino kuti anali ndi mwayi kwambiri poyerekeza ndi dongosolo la Speransky, zomwe kwa chilengedwe cha dongosolo lonse chisankho, ku unit zing'onozing'ono chikhalidwe, volost ankaganiza kuti zonse Russian limba la State Duma, chisankho chimene panafika anthu pafupifupi magawo onse a anthu. Malinga ndi kusintha kwa 1864, akuzigawo ndi chigawo bungwe zemstvo, pamodzi ndi zopereka za Ndipotu, anali awiri okha osankhidwa matupi yopanda maziko, mlingo Township ndi zonse Russian Duma.