Zolemba zaumulungu: kufotokozera za chikhalidwe cha anthu, moyo wake, malo, maziko ndi zoyenera

Kusintha kwina pa chidziwitso cha anthu pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi kunapangitsa kuti mtundu wa mtundu ukhale wofanana ndi zolemba za thupi. Nekrasov ndi Belinsky, akupanga almanacs a otchedwa sukulu yatsopano, ngati kuti akuyesera kubwezeretsa ntchito zolemba za Russia mu mfundo zotsutsana za Rileyevsky ndi bestuzhevskaya "Polar Star." Gulu lalikulu la olemba linagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro apamwamba a nthawi imeneyo, kotero kumvetsetsa kwa ntchito zakulenga kunasintha kwambiri.

Ntchito zenizeni

Olemekezeka azitsitsimutso akhala atasinthidwa ndi maboma a demokalase, chifukwa chake chikondi cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chinadza m'malo mwa chilengedwe chokhazikika. Zolemba za thupi zinakhala chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zodabwitsa za nthawi zisanayambe kusintha. Mawu omwewo akuti "physiology" sankagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mabuku ndi olenga kapena otsatira a sukulu yatsopano. Izo zinkawonekera kale kwambiri.

F. Kony mu 1841 inalembedwa mu zojambula zolemba za Literary Gazette zojambulazo ndi mayina odabwitsa: "Physiology ya kukongola kwa akazi", mwachitsanzo, "Physiology ya mphuno". Otembenuza a zaka zomwezo amachokera ku French "Physiology ya maholo a Parisiya" ndi "Physiology ya mwamuna wokwatira."

Kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa mawu awa sikugwirizana ndi zomwe Nekrasov ankachita pa nthawi yake. Mabuku a Chirasha a m'zaka za zana la 19 adawona ngati kufufuza njira ya moyo ndi makhalidwe m'dera linalake labwino kapena labwino.

Physiology ya St. Petersburg

Olemba-ofufuza a njira yatsopano m'mabuku adasankha kulankhula ndi wowerenga ndi physiology ya Petersburg. Osati a boma, mbali ya mwambo wamakampani akuluakulu a zamalonda ndi otsogolera, iwo amalingalira mozama, koma moyo wa chikhalidwe chake pansi. Zolemba za thupi monga mtundu wadzazidwa ndi zithunzi zojambula bwino za moyo wamba, kuphatikizapo mbali zake zakutali kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti, ziwombankhanga.

Choncho, Vladimir Dahl anabweretsa nkhaniyi pamsonkhano wa St. Petersburg, Ivan Ivanovich Panayev, yemwe anafotokoza zapepala ya St. Petersburg, Alexander Kulchitsky - Petersburg omnibus, ndi Eugene Grebenka - a Petersburg mbali ... Olembawo anayenera kulowerera mu chikhalidwe ichi ndi mitu yawo, Dziko lodziwika bwino kwambiri m'magulu apansi.

World of details

Zolemba za thupi mu mabuku a Chirasha a nthawi imeneyo sizinali zabwino chifukwa anali ndi chidwi ndi zaumoyo kwambiri, ndiko kuti, chidwichi chinakhala chokwanira. Chifaniziro cha tsiku ndi tsiku, chithunzi, malankhulidwe kapena malingaliro aumunthu ananyalanyaza ntchito zofunika kwambiri za wolemba, sizinali zotheka nthawi zonse kusonyeza chifundo kwa osauka.

Zomwe zimagwera mu chilengedwe - mwachindunji cha mawu - zinapangitsa wolembayo kukhala wosatetezeka kutsutsidwa. Ngakhale kuti chitukuko chithukuko cha moyo wa anthu, ndithudi, chapita patsogolo. Kulemba kwachibadwa kunangokhala kovuta kwa ntchitoyi, komanso mtundu wa maonekedwewo.

Olemba a masewerawa anawululidwa pofotokozera moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa banja, nkhaniyi inapatsidwa malo osachepetseka, zomangamanga zinasokonekera, chifukwa ndondomekoyi inali yaikulu: zithunzi zapadera ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, zosagwirizana ndi chiwembu, osati ndi chinthu chimodzi, koma ndi vuto limodzi.

Physiology ya olima

Mtundu wa zolemba za thupi unalowa mwamsanga fashoni, kukhala mawu atsopano m'mabuku a m'ma 1840. Olemba mabuku a Petersburg sanaime kumeneko. Chidwi mu moyo wa anthu wamba, nkhono yake idagawana, nayonso, inali yayikulu kwambiri. Pofotokozera nkhaniyi, olemba aang'ono adadziwika okha: Grigorovich (Anton Goremyka ndi Derevnya), Dahl (Munthu wa ku Russia), Herzen (The Magpie).

Chofunikira kwambiri kuti muzindikire Nekrasov ndi ndakatulo yake "On the Road", kumene fano la mkazi wamba wamba, ngakhale kuti ali ndi mphatso zambiri, koma lawonongeka ndi serfdom, lapatsidwa mphatso zambiri. Ivan Turgenev, yemwe kuyambira mu 1847 anayamba kufalitsa nkhani za mwini nyumba ndi mlimi, adalowanso kuntchito yowona bwino ndi chikhalidwe cha mudzi wa Russia.

Chisoni chifukwa cha kutsutsa

Belinsky anali wachifundo kwambiri pakukula kwa mtundu watsopano. Anayesa kufotokozera mwachidwi maonekedwe, chiyambi ndi zofunikira za chochitika chotero monga nkhani ya thupi. Tanthauzo lake ngati limodzi la zofalitsa kapena zolemba zomwe zimafufuza malo ena, komanso maziko ake, zikhalidwe ndi malo, zimaperekedwa m'nkhani zowonongeka za otsutsa, kumene akufotokozera nkhani zatsopano kuchokera ku moyo wa olima. Kawirikawiri ntchito za olemba a mtundu wotere Belinsky amayamikira kwambiri.

Zomwe zimagwirizana ndizinthu zakhala zikuyang'anitsitsa. Belinsky ankakhulupirira kuti zolemba za thupi siziyenera kukhala nkhani kapena buku. Kotero, podzudzula Grigorovich, adalemba taluso ya wolembayo pazokambirana za moyo wa anthu, koma ananyoza "Village" ndi ndemanga. Zolephera za ntchitoyi, malinga ndi Belinsky, ndizoti pazithunzi zonse zamoyo za m'mudzi ziyenera kukhala kunja popanda kugwirizana, koma ziyenera kupuma maganizo amodzi.

Kulemba kwa banja

Njira yatsopano m'mabukuwo sinapangidwe mwakamodzi, onse pamodzi ndi zizoloŵezi zazikulu za chidziwitso zinawululidwa pang'onopang'ono. Belinsky anali otsimikiza kuti chiyambi cha zolembera ndi Gogol, yemwe adayambitsa zinthu zatsopano ndi zooneka bwino m'mabuku omwe anabala anthu ambiri, ndiye Gogol amene adawonetsa anthu kuti akuwerenga moona mtima buku la Russia, chifukwa chake nthawi yatsopano ya mabuku athu inayamba kuchokera kwa iye.

Kuchokera kwa otsatira a Nikolai Vasilyevich Belinsky anasankha Vladimir Sollogub ndi nkhani zake "Ophunzira Awiri", "History of Two Galoshes", "The Bear" ndi "The Apothecary". Sollogub, mtsogoleri wodzipereka uyu, ndipo adawona zopanda pake za moyo wapadziko, akusiyana ndi iye kuwona mtima ndi kuwona mtima kwa anthu a m'munsi. Belinsky adanena kuti Sologub alibe chikhulupiliro cholimba komanso chikhulupiliro cholimba, kotero m'malo ena fanolo limakhala lopanda chidwi. Komabe, kupezeka kwa kuphweka ndi zenizeni zenizeni zimapangitsa malemba a Sollogub kukhala ofunika kwambiri.

Ntchito yophunzitsa

Zowoneka bwino ndizo zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu "Sleep of Oblomov." Mkhalidwe wa wolimba mtima ukuganiza ndi zinthu zonse zomwe Goncharov yamuzungulira yomwe ikumuzungulira. Zikuwoneka kuti chirichonse ndi chabwino, komabe ubwino sunganene za kukhutira kwa Oblomov ndi moyo wake. Malo ake omwe alipo ali opanda pake ndi osowa, ndipo msilikali amazindikira izo.

Maloto a ubwana wake, omwe anadutsa mu Oblomovka wamasiye, kumene mwana wamwamuna wosadzifunsa komanso wa frisky sanaloledwe ngakhale kuvala yekha. Ndi antchito okha omwe amagwira ntchito kumeneko. Kugona kumanyamula Oblomov pa nthawi ya moyo wake siwonekeratu, koma akuwonekera. Monga adakali mwana, tsopano zonse zazindikira kale Oblomov, ndipo akudzuka, sanatembenuke kulikonse.

Chiyembekezo chosadziwika

Panali olemba omwe Belinsky anawalemba mosasunthika mzere woyamba wa mabuku a Chirasha, ngakhale kuti iye mwiniyo adawona zolephera zina za kalata yawo, koma anali otsimikiza kuti olemba adzatha kuthetsa chirichonse.

Chiyembekezo cha kutsutsidwa chinali, mwachitsanzo, I. I. Panayev, amene nkhani zake "Lady", "Onagr", "Actaeon" ndi zina zinatchulidwa zozizwitsa zochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Iye adanena kuti m'nkhani izi zokhazo zowona, zowoneka, zanzeru komanso zomveka bwino. Ndinawona Belinsky ndipo chinachake chikudodometsa, chokayikira, chosakhazikika, koma chinalongosola ichi mwa kusakhazikika kwa luso lapadera. Ndipotu, izi ndizo zolemba za wolemba, zomwe sanathe kuzigonjetsa.

Komanso adatamandidwa ndi wotsutsa komanso nkhani ya V. I. Dal, kumene adapeza zambiri zokhudzana ndi luso, zozizwitsa zenizeni za moyo wa amalonda. Anabweretsa nkhaniyo "Batman" ku chuma cha mabuku a ku Russia. Ndipo mobwerezabwereza akubwereza mobwerezabwereza kuti pambuyo pa Gogol Dahl anali talente yokha, wolemba ndakatulo woona wa zolemba za thupi. Ndipotu, Dahl sali wamkulu ndi zongopeka, ndipo m'tsogolomu amayamba kuika patsogolo.

Dziko la malingaliro motsutsana ndi choonadi chokhwima

Tsopano ife tonse tikudziwa kuti pali choonadi cha moyo ndi choonadi cha zolemba, ndipo ziri zowona kuti luso lachiwiri ndi lamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Ndipo m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, olemba amayenda msewu wosasunthika pofunafuna zenizeni zenizeni zenizeni. Belinsky analemba za kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malangizo, njira, zokhutira ndi mzimu wa mabuku a sukulu yakale ndi yatsopano. Nkhani zakale zikuwonetseratu dziko lopusa, ndipo zatsopanozo zikuwonetsera moyo weniweni.

Sukulu yatsopanoyi inakonzedweratu pokhapokha ngakhale olemba ang'onoang'ono adagwirizana ndi Grigorovich, Nekrasov, ndipo Dostoevsky adakali nawo ku Belinsky. Panthawiyo, ma almanacs atatu adasonkhanitsidwa ndikusindikizidwa pansi pa buku la Nekrasov: mavoliyumu awiri a "Physiology ya Petersburg" ndi "Petersburg Collection", yomwe inakhala mtundu wa manifesto wa chikhalidwechi. Panali mndandanda wa mfundo zachilengedwe (zolembedweratu ndi Belinsky), ndi njira yakuzindikira.

Mwachibadwidwe, popanda mbambande iyi, mtundu uwu wopambana sunakhalebe - ndi olemba oterowo. Pano, choyamba, Turgenev a "Notes of the Hunter" ayenera kutchedwa: pakukwaniritsa malamulo onse olemba zolemba za thupi, zojambula zisanu ndi zitatu zokha zimakhala zitsanzo za mawu apamwamba kwambiri. Komanso - anti-serfdom amaganiza kuti amatsagana ndi wowerenga mu "Notes".

Old New Journal

Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1847, kusintha kwatsopano kwa "Modern" kunayamba kuonekera, komwe kunakhala liwu la gulu lopambana kwambiri ku Russia. Ngakhale kusintha kwa akuluakulu apamwamba (zitsch-chairmen), NA Nekrasov anakonza mwatsatanetsatane magaziniyi. Magaziniyi ndi yomwe inali yofunika kwambiri m'dzikoli.

Ntchito zomwe zinafalitsidwa ku Sovremennik ndi Otechestvennye Zapiski zinali zowonjezereka komanso zowonjezereka kuposa zolemba za thupi, ndipo njira zowonetsera zomwe olembawo sankachita sizinali zokhazokha pa moyo wa anthu a tsiku ndi tsiku. Apa panafalitsidwa "Nkhani Yowonongeka" Goncharova, apa panabwera gawo lachiwiri la lolemba lokongola Herzen "Ndani akulakwa?". Novel yonse inalembedwa mu zowonjezera ku "Zamakono". M. Saltykov (osati Shchedrin) adawonekera ndi nkhani zake zoyamba. Ndipo Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Mabuku a Chirasha a m'zaka za zana la 19, kupyolera mu zolemba za thupi, adapeza ndikudziwa njira yatsopano, osati sukulu, zowona.