Boris Pasternak - biography, moyo ndi ntchito

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich, amene yonena ali m'nkhani ino ndi chimodzi mwa ambuye ochepa mawu, kupereka mmodzi wa mphoto kwambiri aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino - ndi Nobel Prize.

yonena za ndakatulo iyi

Boris Pasternak, amene chithunzi limaoneka m'nkhani anabadwa mu Moscow mu 1890. banja wolemba ndakatulo anali kulenga ndi aluntha. Mayi - ndi walimba, bambo wake anali mmisiri wotchuka academician. ntchito yake kuyamikira mkulu, ndi ena anayamba kugula ndi woyang'anira wotchuka Tretyakov kwa owonetsera zakale wake. Leonid Osipovich Pasternak anali kucheza ndi Leo Tolstoy ndipo anali mmodzi wa illustrators amakonda.

Kuwonjezera woyamba Boris, banja atabwera ana atatu kwambiri - mwana wamng'ono ndi aakazi awiri.

ubwana

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, amene ndakatulo sizinachitike olembedwa, kuyambira kubadwa anali mu zodabwitsa m'mlengalenga kulenga. nyumba makolo ake kunali nthawi zonse bwino ukadalipo alendo olemekezeka. Kupatula Lva Tolstogo, amene anachezeredwa ndi Oimba Scriabin ndi Rachmaninoff, aluso Levitan ndi Ivanov, ndi zina zambiri anthu kulenga. Kumene, kukumana ndi iwo sakanakhoza koma bwanji Pasternak. Chikoka lalikulu pa iye anali Scriabin, amene chikoka 13 wazaka Boris kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri chinkhoswe mu nyimbo ndipo akukonzekera kukhala wopeka nyimbo.

Anaphunzitsidwa Boris Pasternak (yonena za ndakatulo muli mfundo imeneyi) mwangwiro. Maphunziro wachisanu Moscow zolimbitsa thupi limene makalasi awiri pansipa ophunzitsidwa Vladimir Mayakovsky. Imodzi, iye anaphunzira ku zikuchokera mphamvu ya Moscow Conservatory. sekondale maphunziro kwakukuru - ndi n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi ndi mphambu wangwiro nzika zonse.

kusankha kovuta

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich, amene yonena zidzawonjezedwa kenako sichinafike mfundo zovuta kusankha pambuyo maphunziro, anakakamizika kutenga woyamba, ndi chosankha zopweteka kwambiri kwa iye - kusiya ntchito wolemba a. Iye yekha, mu mbiri wake ananena kuti iye anachita zimenezi chifukwa iwo alibe zolongosoka. Chikhalidwe cha ndakatulo m'tsogolo kale ndi kudzipereka kwathuthu ndi ntchito anaikidwa. Ngati iye anayamba chinachake, ndiye angwiro. Choncho, ndi wachikondi music, koma podziwa kuti iye sakanakhoza kulowa mu ntchito imeneyi zofunika ungwiro kudzikonda, Pasternak, m'mawu ake, "n'kulanda" iye kuchokera yekha.

Mu 1908 analowa University Moscow, poyamba pa luso la Chilamulo, koma patapita chaka anasintha maganizo ndipo akumasuliridwa dipatimenti aumunthu. Monga mwa nthawi zonse, Pasternak wophunzira wanzeru ndi 1912 anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa yunivesite ya Margburga mzinda. Iye ananeneratu wabwino nzeru zapamwamba ntchito Germany, koma mwadzidzidzi anaganiza kudzipereka osati nzeru, ndi ndakatulo.

Chiyambi cha njira kulenga

Kuchita za ndakatulo, iye anayamba mochedwa, kuzungulira 1910. ndakatulo Boris Pasternak ya nthawi imeneyo, malinga ndi kukumbukira ndi Sergeya Bobrova, anzake a ndakatulo ndi kugwira ntchito limodzi mabwalo ndakatulo, ndithu zachibwana mu mawonekedwe, kuyesera kuti akomere okhutira yaikulu.

Akapita Venice ndi banja lake 1912 ndi kulephera kwa bwenzi wake Boris chidwi. Izi zimaonekera mu ndime yake yoyamba ya nthawi imeneyo.

Atabwerera ku Moscow, iye akuyamba kuchita mabwalo zolembalemba "Musaget" ndi "Lyrics", kulankhula ndi ndakatulo zake. M'zaka zimenezi, iye anakopeka mumaganiza ngati ndakatulo, futurism ndi ophiphiritsa, koma pambuyo adalipo osati kulowa kucheza aliyense zolembalemba, ndi kukhala pawokha.

zaka 1913-1914 anali Pasternak lapadera mu moyo kulenga. Choyamba, angapo a ndakatulo wake zinasindikizidwa, ndi m'chigawo choyamba inafalitsidwa mu 1914, "Didimo m'mitambo." Koma zonsezi watola pamene kuyesa chabe pa kulemba, monga wosasangalala ndi khalidwe la ntchito zawo. Mu chaka chomwecho iye anadziwa Vladimir Mayakovsky. Pasternak wolemba ndakatulo imagwera imawalamulira.

Kubadwa a ndakatulo iyi

The ndondomeko ya zilandiridwenso - chinachake zosamvetsetseka ndithu. Wina amalenga mosavuta, ngati zosangalatsa, ndi ena mosamala hones lililonse akuti, kukwaniritsa ungwiro. Yotsirizira a Boris Pasternak. Ndakatulo iye - si yekha mphatso yaikulu, komanso khama. Choncho, zimaikidwa mu 1922 magulu "Mlongo Wanga - Moyo", iye ankaona anayamba ntchito zolembalemba. Boris Pasternak a ndakatulo, m'gulu izo zinalembedwa m'chilimwe cha 1917.

kuberekana 1920

Chiyambi cha 1920 zinali zodzaza ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika. Mu 1921, makolo wolemba ndakatulo wa anasamuka ku Germany, ndipo mu 1922, Boris Pasternak, amene yonena lili mfundo zambiri zochititsa chidwi, nadzakwatira Evgenii Vladimirovne Mumafuna. Patapita chaka chimodzi, ali ndi mwana Zhenya.

zilandiridwenso Boris Pasternak mu zaka izi mwaphindu - mu 1923 pali mndandanda wa "mitu ndi yofanana" ndi awiri otchuka ndakatulo - ". mazana asanu ndi chaka chachisanu" "mkulu Schmidt" ndipo Iwo anakhala mwambo mabuku pa chaka ndipo analandira mkulu aziona Maksima Gorkogo.

Ndakatulo ndi mphamvu Soviet

Chiyambi cha 1930s wa - nthawi Pasternak kuzindikira ulamuliro. ntchito zake tinalisindikizanso chaka chilichonse, wolemba ndakatulo mu 1934, Nawalanditsa kulankhula pa msonkhano woyamba wa Union of Writers. Ake makamaka wotchedwa ndakatulo zabwino za dziko. Koma mphamvu saiwala kuti ndakatulo anali kulimba mtima kuti banja anamangidwa wa poetess Anny Ahmatovoy, Mandelstam ndi Gumilev kumbuyo. iye Izi sakhululuka aliyense. Anagwa tsoka ili ndi Boris Pasternak. Mwachidule yonena za ndakatulo iyi akuti ndi 1936 chaka chinayi wa pafupifupi kuthetsa ku boma moyo mabuku a dziko mlandu maganizo olakwika ndipo detachment ku moyo.

Mabaibulo Pasternak

Izo zinachitika kuti Pasternak chikudziwika ngati womasulira, zosachepera wolemba ndakatulo. Iwo anaitana mmodzi wa ambuye zabwino yomasulira ndakatulo. Amene, ngati si ndakatulo zodabwitsa, zikhoza kukhala bwino kuposa kuona ntchito mlengi wina?

Chifukwa cha mtima woipa wa akuluakulu mu 1930s mochedwa, wolemba ndakatulo ndi opanda ndalama. ntchito zake si angandisindikizirenso, ndalama osowa, ndi Pasternak amanena kuti anasamutsidwa. Pankhani ndakatulo awo anali lingaliro lake. Iye anakhulupirira kuti kumasulira - yemweyo palokha mogometsa, wapachiyambi. Ndipo apa iye anabwera kudzagwira ntchito ndi meticulousness ake onse, akufuna kupanga chirichonse mwangwiro.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, ndakatulo ndi Mabaibulo amene analowa golide thumba mabuku Russian ndi achilendo, anayamba kuphunzira Baibulo lomasuliridwa mu 1918. Ndiyeno anachita makamaka ntchito za olemba a chi German. ntchito yake yaikulu inayamba mu 1936. Iye anapita ku kanyumba mu Peredelkino, ndipo kuchititsa kumasulira Shakespeare, Goethe, Byron, Rilke, Keats, Varley. Tsopano ntchito yake ofunika pa ndime ntchito wapachiyambi.

Pasternak Mabaibulo - uyu si mwayi kudyetsa banja, komanso ngati njira kuzindikira ngati ndakatulo mu zikhalidwe za nkhanza kukana kufalitsa ntchito zake. Boris Pasternak tikuchipeza kumasulira zazikulu za Shakespeare, amene kale ankaona zapamwamba.

Nkhondo ndi unawonongedwa zaka

Ngozi analandira ndi wolemba mu ubwana wake, sanamulole kuti asonkhanitsidwa kuti kutsogolo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Koma khalani kutali iye sakanakhoza. Nditamaliza usilikali, iye anatumizidwa kunkhondo ya mtolankhani. Atabwerera kunyumba, mu Peredelkino, izo amalenga mkombero wa ndakatulo kukonda dziko.

Patatha zaka nkhondo - nthawi ntchito mwakhama. Pasternak kumafunika, chifukwa ndalama zake zokha. Ndakatulo zaka nkhondoyo, analemba pang'ono - onse nthawi yake chinkhoswe mu mabuku ndiponso ntchito pa buku latsopano.

Pa zaka zimenezi komanso nkhani wina Titanic ntchito ya ndakatulo - ". Faust" kumasulira Goethe a

"Doctor Zhivago" - chimake cha chilengedwe ndi ntchito ya ankakonda wolemba ndakatulo ndi

Bukuli lalembedwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri ndi okondedwa a ndakatulo iyi. zaka khumi anapita kwa iye Boris Pasternak. "Doctor Zhivago" - mwachuluka autobiographical buku.

Kuyamba - 1945. Pa nthawi iyi, zinachitika fano wamkazi wa buku anali mkazi wolembayo Zinaida Neuhaus. Pambuyo kuoneka mu moyo Pasternak Olga Ivinskaya, omwe anakhala imasonkhezera wake watsopano, zolembedwa anapita mofulumira.

Izi buku - waukulu ndipo ankakonda mwana a ndakatulo iyi, analengedwa nthawi yaitali - zaka 10. Izi ziri ndi pofotokoza za moyo wolemba, zoona chifukwa cha zochitika mu dziko kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma kutsiriza ndi nkhondo yoopsa. Kukhala woona ichi "Doctor Zhivago" ndipo anali m'gulu kukanidwa ndi ulamuliro, ndi Boris Pasternak, amene yonena masitolo zochitika yovuta imeneyi, chinaperekedwa kwa kuvutitsidwa izi.

N'zovuta kulingalira mmene zinali zovuta kuti chiweruzo ambiri, makamaka kwa anzake a.

Mu Soviet Union mu Nsanja ya buku akhala anakana chifukwa maganizo maganizo wolemba ya October kuukira boma. Roman anayamikira kunja kokha. Zinali zotheka kufalitsa mu Italy. Mu 1957, "Doctor Zhivago" Pasternak anamasulidwa ndipo anakhala kutengeka n'kamodzi. Ndi mankhwala a West analandira ndemanga mokalipa.

1958 - ndi tsiku chodabwitsa. The awarding ya Nobel Prize - ndakatulo ndi chimwemwe chochuluka cha kuzindikira apamwamba luntha lake limene anthu padziko lonse, ndipo chisoni kwenikweni chifukwa kuyambiranso ndi mphamvu kuvutitsidwa watsopano. Inali kuperekedwa monga chilango kutulutsa, pa ndakatulo anayankha kuti ndikuganiza okha popanda dziko lakwawo, sangatero. kuwawa onse nyengo Pasternak Awatu ndi kukuchititsani anafotokoza mu ndakatulo "The Nobel Prize", wolembedwa mu 1959. The mphoto iye ankafunika, ndi ndime imeneyi, lofalitsidwa kunja, iye basi sichinayambe mlandu pansi nkhani yakuti "woukira boma." Opulumutsidwa chifukwa chakuti buku anatenga malo popanda chilolezo cha Pasternak.

Boris Pasternak - ndakatulo yochepa ndakatulo iyi

Ngati ife kulankhula za ntchito oyambirira a ndakatulo iyi, izo kwambiri anamva chisonkhezero cha ophiphiritsa. rhymes zovuta, zithunzi zachilendo ndipo ndi ena lililonse kwa nthawi imeneyi. Anasintha kwambiri kalembedwe Pasternak m'zaka za nkhondo. Ndime sizivuta ndi losavuta kuwerenga. Iwo mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta kusungidwa ndi zabwino kuwerenga chabe mzere. Izi ndi zowona makamaka ndi ndakatulo yochepa ndakatulo iyi, monga "siimakupiza", "Mphepo", "March", "Hamlet". namatetule Pasternak a kwagona kuti ngakhale zinthu zing'onozing'ono andakatulo wake kupereka yaikulu nthanthi tanthauzo.

Boris Pasternak. Analysis ndakatulo "July"

Ndakatulo anafotokoza kuti nthawi mochedwa a ndakatulo iyi. Lidalembedwa 1956 Pasternak kupumula m'chilimwe pa dacha mu Peredelkino. Ngati mu zaka zoyambilira analemba kaso ndakatulo, kenako amapeza lathu chikhalidwe ndi yopambana ya ndakatulo - kumvetsa ndi kupitiriza kwa zachilengedwe ndipo anthu.

"July" - chitsanzo omveka a ndakatulo ubusa. Dzina la ntchito ndi nkhani yake ndi yomweyo. Kodi cholinga chachikulu ankatanthauza kuti owerenga Boris Pasternak? July - mmodzi wa miyezi wokongola kwambiri chilimwe, kuchititsa chidwi wodzipereka kwa mwini. Ndipo lightness ake, kutsitsimuka ndi chithumwa akufuna kufotokoza.

Ndakatulo imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri. Gawo loyamba la kulenga chikhalidwe cha chinsinsi - amene ali mlendo, atagonjetsa m'nyumba? Brownie, ndi mzukwa, ciphoko amene amabwera akuthamanga, masewera ndi sneaks?

Gawo lachiwiri la chinsinsi cha alendo chachinsinsi kuwuluridwa - ichi zoipa-July, m'ma chilimwe mwezi. Ndakatulo humanizes July ntchito kutengera: nyumba, ena auve slob, wokhala alendo.

The peculiarity wa ndakatuloyi ndi ntchito wolemba omveka zithunzi zithunzi: July "disrupts tablecloth kuchokera pa gome," "akuthamanga mu kamvuluvulu wa kusodza".

moyo wa ndakatulo iyi

Boris Pasternak, amene yonena sangakhale kwathunthu popanda nkhani ya banja lake, anakwatiwa kawiri. Monga munthu kulenga, mtima wamoyo, anasangalala munthu. Sikokwanira kumira kwa ukathyali banal, komanso kukhala woona kwa mkazi wokondedwa, iye sakanakhoza.

Mkazi woyamba wa ndakatulo iyi anakhala wokongola Evgeniya Mumafuna, ndi wojambula wamng'ono. Iwo anakumana mu 1921, ndi kuti tikukwaniritsa ndakatulo ankaona ngophiphiritsira. Panthawi imeneyi, Pasternak atamaliza ntchito yake pa nkhani "eyelets Childhood," dzina la heroine anali Eugene, ndipo ngati adaona mtsikana fano lake.

Eugene anali kowonera zakale kwenikweni a ndakatulo iyi. Woyengeka, wosakhwima, wosakhwima ndi pa nthawi yomweyo sukulu palokha, iye anamupangitsa iye kuchangamuka zapadera. Mu zaka zoyambirira za ukwati, Boris Pasternak Mwina nthawi yoyamba osangalala. Choyamba, kukonda kwambiri ankawachotsera mavuto onse, koma pang'ono ndi pang'ono mavuto a anthu osauka 20 ntchentche anayamba alowerere ndi mwayi banja. Eugene sanali mkazi wangwiro, iye ankafuna kuzindikira ndekha wojambula, ndipo ambiri banja chikukhudza Pasternak anali kutenga ulamuliro.

Mu 1926, pakati iye ndi Marina Tsvetaeva akuyamba makalata yaitali, yemwe ali openga nsanje mkazi a ndakatulo iyi. Zilibe kuima ndi kupita kwa makolo ake mu Germany Pasternak. Pomaliza, iye wasankha kupereka chilakolako kuzindikira ndekha wojambula ndi kupereka miyoyo yawo m'manja mwa mwamuna wake. Koma ndakatulo kale anakumana mkazi wake, chachiwiri - Zinaidoy Neygauz. Iye anali kale makumi anai, iye - zaka 32 akale, iye ali pa banja ndipo akulera ana awiri.

Neuhaus ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi wa Evgenii Mumafuna. Iwo anadzipereka kwa banja lake, iye anali ndalama kwambiri. Sinali kuukonza womwewo umene unali chibadidwe kwa mkazi oyamba a ndakatulo iyi. Koma Pasternak pakuwonana koyamba chibwenzi ndi mkazi uyu. chakuti iye ali pa banja ndipo ali ndi ana, iwo sanaleke. Tsopano moyo wake, iye anali chabe ndamuwonapo iye.

Mu 1932, iye analekana anakwatira Eugenia Zinaida. Pambuyo kupatukana mkazi wake woyamba, iye anali zaka onse, kufikira imfa yake, anathandiza iye ndi mwana wake ndipo anali kulemberana.

Pasternak ndi mkazi wake wachiwiri, kwambiri, ndinasangalala. Kusamalira, wosasakaza, iye anayesa kum'patsa chitonthozo ndi mtendere, ndipo analinso imasonkhezera wolemba ndakatulo wa. Ukwati wachiwiri anabadwa mwana, Leonid.

Chimwemwe m'banja unatha, monga mu banja lanu loyamba, pang'ono kuposa zaka 10. Pasternak kunadetsa yochulukirapo pa dacha ake Peredelkino, ndi zambiri kuyanjana kwa mkazi wake. Kamodzi mu magazini "New World", anakumana ntchito kumeneko monga mkonzi Olga Ivinskaya. Zinali imasonkhezera otsiriza a ndakatulo iyi.

Kangapo anayesa kusiya, kusiya mkazi wake chifukwa Pasternak sanafune, izo zimatanthauza zambiri kwa iye, choncho sangakwanitse kuchita kwambiri naye.

Mu 1949 Ivinskaya anamangidwa ndipo anatumizidwa ku ndende kwa zaka 5 ubale ndi Boris Pasternak. Ndipo zaka izi zonse anamusamalira amake achikulire ndi ana, kupereka ndalama. Free nthawi yovuta ali sichimaperekedwa - mu 1952 wolemba ndakatulo anavomereza ku chipatala ndi vuto la mtima.

Nditabwerera Olga anakhala mlembi zosavomerezeka Pasternak - izo amakhala onse bizinesi yake kukambilana m'malo ake ndi ndodo nyuzipepala, ndawala kusindikizidwanso za ntchito zake. Mpaka mapeto a moyo ndakatulo, iwo si madzi anagawanika.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Palibe chikaiko kuti anali zinachitika padziko ndakatulo-baiting kwambiri wolumala thanzi lake. Anadwala matenda a mtima mu 1952, anapanga lokha anamva.

M'chaka, pa chiyambi cha April 1960, Pasternak anadwala matenda aakulu. Palibe ankaganiza kuti iye anali ndi khansara kuti kale metastasized kulola m'mimba. Kumayambiriro May, wolemba ndakatulo amadziwa kuti matenda ndi oopsa, ndipo sanachite achire. May 30 Boris Pasternak anafa. nthawi ili yonse pa bedi lake anali mkazi wake, Zinaida, amene umapulumuka mwamuna wake wa zaka 6 ndipo anamwalira ndi matenda omwewa. Wolemba ndakatulo ndi banja lake m'manda mu manda ku Peredelkino.

Zilandiridwenso chidwi Russian ndakatulo, wolemba komanso womasulira Boris Pasternak watsikira mu mabuku dziko. Mbali yake ndakatulo - ndi kwabasi limaonetseratu kalembedwe ndi zithunzi chodabwitsa wa ndakatulo.