Zovuta mankhwala: nomenclature ndi gulu

The yaikulu komanso osiyanasiyana mwa zipangizo zochita kupanga ndi gulu la mankhwala ovuta. Kuti izi akhoza zimachitika gulu la mankhwala organometallic, monga wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi hemoglobin. Ndi kugwirizana awa mlatho zikugwirizana umagwirira zochita kupanga ndi organic mu sayansi logwirizana. Kwambiri ntchito pa chitukuko cha zida zovuta kudziwa m'munda wa umagwirira mawunikidwe ndi galasi zimapangidwira, kuphunzira njira zofunika kwambiri kwachilengedwenso: photosynthesis, mkati (ma) kupuma.

M'nkhaniyi tiona kapangidwe ndi nomenclature mankhwala zovuta, komanso mfundo za gulu lawo.

chiphunzitso Mgwirizanowu A. Werner

Kumapeto kwa XX m'ma Swiss wasayansi A. Werner anatsimikizira kuti ataunika mankhwala aliwonse nyumba zingapo zimene zakhala motero limatchedwa ion chapakati, ligands (ligands) ndi wakunja kugwirizana dera. Kuti tinali gulu bwino ndi nomenclature mankhwala zovuta, ife kufotokoza mfundo zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane. Choncho, A. Werner zatsimikiziridwa pamaso pa ion molekyulu (zambiri ndithu mlandu), omwe ali ndi malo chapakati. Anadzatchedwa nthumwi complexing, ndi ion chapakati kapena atomu. Mwina inali pafupi mamolekyulu monga ndale, wotchedwa ligands, ndi moyipa mlandu anions particles kuti apange lamkati kugwirizana dera la nkhaniyo. particles onse amene sanalowe mu izo, kupanga chipolopolo kunja kwa molekyulu ndi.

Choncho, dongosolo cuprite ndi sodium Na ₂ [Cu (o) _4], ndi chapakati mkuwa atomu mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +2 ndi anayi gidroksogrupp zimapanga dera m'kati, pamene ayoni ndi sodium ili pa mtunda kuchokera atomu chapakati mu dera lakunja.

Njira kudziŵa mitunduyi mogwirizana ndi maina a zinthu

Padakali, chiphunzitso cha A. Werner ndicho ongolankhula chifukwa chimene amaphunzira maofesi zovuta. Nomenclature, ie, maina a zinthu zimenezi ofunitsitsa ndi malamulo amawatenga Society mayiko a ongolankhula ndi Akutsatira zimapangidwira.

Timapereka zitsanzo zingapo za mitunduyi zinthu, imene muli pulatinamu complexing atomu - K ₂ [PtCl _6] kapena mamolekyulu NH ₃ - [AG (NH _{3) 2]} cl. Mwamwayi, chilinganizo akhoza linachokera ntchito makhalidwe zotsatirazi: zochita awiri kuwombola, molar madutsidwe njira X-ray mapindidwe akuwala Njira. Taganizirani njira izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Monga tikuonera kapangidwe ka mankhwala zovuta pulatinamu

Zinthu za gulu ili yodziwika ndi kukhalapo mu molekyulu wa chapakati pulatinamu atomu. Pamene pawiri PtCl ₄ × 6NH ₃ kuchita njira ya nitrate siliva, ndiye onse chlorine pano mu nkhani kugwirizana ndi ma atomu zitsulo ndi AgCl anapanga flakes woyera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu onse anions ndi chlorine mu akunja kugwirizana dera, pamene mamolekyulu wa amoniya anali zogwirizana chapakati pulatinamu atomu ndipo pamodzi ndi izo dera mkati anapanga.

Izo zikutanthauza kugwirizana pawiri wa chilinganizo unalembedwa mu fomu iyi: [pt (NH _{3) 6]} cl ₄ ndipo anaitana pulatinamu hexammine mankhwala enaake. Pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray mapindidwe akuwala njira, ndi akatswiri afufuza ndi mankhwala ena zovuta zomwe nomenclature adzakhala anaika mu gawo lotsatira.

The mankhwala crystalline wa chromium

Kapangidwe ka gulu ili la zinthu wakhala amadziŵika ndi ndondomeko thupi la X-ray mapindidwe akuwala wa zakuya X-ray mapindidwe akuwala kusanthula. Kudutsa kophimba Krustalo, yoweyula mu atomu anamwazidwa ndi zochita za ma elekitironi wa chinthu mayeso. Izi zimathandiza molondola kwambiri kudziwa magulu a maatomu ndi malo latisi. lolingana nomenclature mankhwala zovuta analengedwa timibulu chromium munali. Zitsanzo za mayina isomeric hydrates wa trivalent chromium salt, wotengedwa mwa X-ray mapindidwe akuwala njira, ndi motere: tetraakvadihlorohroma mankhwala enaake (III), pentaakvahlorohroma mankhwala enaake (III).

Anapeza kuti zinthuzi chromium atomu womangidwa kwa ligands zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kodi kudziwa mlingo ndi chinthu chilichonse amakhudza chiwerengero kugwirizana?

Monga atomu chapakati ikusonyeza ligands

Kuti tiyankhe mafunso pamwamba, ife takumbukira kuti pafupi atangochimwa nthumwi complexing nyumba zingapo, wotchedwa ligands, kapena ligands. chiwerengero chawo okwana kudziŵa nambala kugwirizana. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha A. Werner, phwando, gulu ndi nomenclature mankhwala zovuta ndi mwachindunji amadalira chizindikiro ichi. Iwo correlatively kugwirizana ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa atomu chapakati. Mu mankhwala a pulatinamu, chromium, chitsulo kugwirizana chiwerengero cha wofanana kwambiri asanu; ngati nthumwi complexing ukufanizidwa ndi maatomu zamkuwa kapena nthaka - anayi ngati atomu chapakati ndi siliva kapena mkuwa - awiri.

Mitundu ya mankhwala ovuta

Mu umagwirira, pachifukwa makalasi waukulu ndi msilikali wa mankhwala Transitional pakati pawo. Nkhani mu yapita mankhwala nkhani zovuta zomwe nomenclature limasonyeza kukhalapo mu dongosolo lawo la tinthu madzi ndi aquacomplexes. Ndi ammine monga mankhwala okhala amoniya particles ndale, monga triamminrody triiodo. Achilendo dongosolo maselo a kalasi ya mankhwala chelating. Dzina lawoli likuchokera ku liwu chelicera kwachilengedwenso - wotchedwa claw decapod. zinthu zimenezi zili ligand, ndi okhudza malo kasinthidwe chimene chikuphatikiza complexing wothandizira, ngati chiombankhanga. mankhwala zimenezo zimaphatikizapo ferric oxalate zovuta, etilendiamminovy pulatinamu zovuta ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +4, aminoacetic asidi salt, amene ali ayoni a rhodium, pulatinamu kapena mkuwa.

Malamulo kaundula wa mayina a mankhwala ovuta

Ambiri mayeso funso mu chofuna umagwirira mu njira ya sekondale ndi: kuitana pawiri zovuta za IUPAC-nomenclature. Chitsanzo chapadera, ife tisanthule aligorivimu yolemba mutu mankhwala ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi: (NH _{4) 2} [pt (o) ₂ cl _4].

1. Dzina akuyamba ndi kudziwa zikuchokera lamkati kugwirizana dera. Lili magulu hydroxyl ndi anions la chlorine. maudindo awa kuwonjezera -o mathero. Timapeza digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Tsopano ife tikupeza nthumwi complexing ntchito kalembedwe wake Latin dzina, ndi kuwonjezera thereto ndi suffix -AT mu parentheses adzakhala amasonyeza digiri yake makutidwe ndi okosijeni: platinate (IV).
3. Atamaliza mkati chizindikiro dera, kusuntha kwa kunja. Ife timachitcha icho cation: muchisanzo chimenechi ndi ayoni ammonium.

Chifukwa, chinthu adzakhala ndi udindo imene onse a dongosolo pamwamba kutchulidwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ovuta

Kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino tapita oimira zofunika kwambiri zinthu organometallic monga hemoglobin, wotchedwa chlorophyll, mavitamini. Iwo amasewera mbali yofunika kagayidwe. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala lovuta m'zinthu njira zamakono kusungunuka zitsulo akakhala ndi sanali akakhala. Yofunika kwambiri ndi anachita carbonyls zitsulo - yeniyeni zovuta mankhwala omwe nomenclature akusonyeza pamaso pa mamolekyulu awo a carbon monoxide NKHA monga ligand a. mankhwala awa linakwiriridwa pansi Kutentha ndi kuchepetsedwa zitsulo monga faifi tambala, chitsulo, cobalt ku ores awo. maofesi ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga catalysts mu zochita kubala vanishi, penti ndi mapulasitiki.