Kodi interspecific mpikisano? zitsanzo

Population zachilengedwe - mwambo sayansi kuti amaona zosiyanasiyana ubale pakati pa zamoyo wachokera kwa anthu osiyana. Mtundu wina wa mogwirizana ngati ali interspecific mpikisano. M'nkhaniyi tiona mbali yake, Pantchito za zosayembekezereka ya kulimbana kwa gawo, chakudya ndi zinthu zina abiotic mu zamoyo zimene zimakhala zachilengedwe ndi yokumba biogeotsinozah.

Species ndi makhalidwe ake zachilengedwe

Pa chitukuko mbiri ya taxa kwachilengedwenso (magulu ndi abwino wamba) ndinazolowera abiotic ndi zinthu biotic chikhalidwe. Zoyambazo monga nyengo zikuchokera nthaka, madzi ndi mpweya, etc. mankhwala, ndi wachiwiri - .. Mavuto Mitundu ina ya moyo pa ena.

Anthu mtundu kukhazikika pa zinthu zina malo omangidwa. masango awo amatchedwa anthu. Community za mtundu umodzi wa kukhudzana okhazikika ndi anthu a mitundu ina. Iwo imalongosola pamalo ake m'chilengedwe, ndilo lotchedwa kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe.

Interspecific mpikisano, chitsanzo cha zomwe m'nkhani, ikuchitika mwachindunji mu malo toyalana ranges wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya m'madera ndi kungachititse kuti kutha kwa anthu a mmodzi wa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, mu G. Gause zatsopano asayansi Russian apanga mitundu iwiri ya ciliates pa sing'anga wina. Mmodzi wa iwo anayamba mwachangu zikupitiriza ndi kukula likuvutika wina. Chifukwa, chofooka mawonekedwe kwathunthu inathetsedwa ndi (zinatha) kwa masiku 20.

chifukwa cha madera toyalana Kodi

Ngati m'dera la mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya malo m'madera ena a biotope ndi kuphatikiza pakati pa anthu uka amphamvu kusiyana okwanira mu dongosolo kunja, nthawi ya kutha msinkhu ndi mating. Iwo amatchedwa mbali kuchepetsa.

Pa periphery ya m'dera anthu zamoyo za mtundu umodzi okha, anthu awo anayamba ndi anthu ammudzi, ankaimira anthu a mitundu ina. Tikumbukenso kuti kwa wachiwiri pakati pa anthu pafupifupi palibe mpikisano interspecific. Chitsanzo ndi mbalame anati ngakhale Charles Darwin ku zilumba za Galápagos pa ulendo wake padziko lonse pa frigate "Beagle" - chitsimikiziro bwino.

Lamulo la osati mpikisano

Tatchulawa wasayansi G. Gause kukonza malamulo ofunika zachilengedwe: ngati trophic ndi anthu ena mavuto a mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya yemweyo, taxa awa kupikisana. Imeneyi kumatha coexistence awo pa malo omwewo, monga amapezeka therebetween interspecies mpikisano. Chitsanzo chimene chikusonyeza izo - chikubweranso chiwerengero cha nsomba, rudd ndi roach-kudya mu dziwe chomwecho. Roach mwachangu mwakhama ndi voracious, kotero iwo bwinobwino aithamangitse wamng'ono nsomba ndi rudd.

Sympatric ndi allopatric taxa

Anauka chifukwa cha speciation linalake. Taganizirani mitundu otchedwa allopatric. Pofuna kufotokoza mfundo za maonekedwe awo, ntchito deta mu nthaka ndi paleogeography. Toyesa m'madera amenewa kupikisana kwambiri zokwanira, chifukwa amafuna chuma chakudya chomwecho. Iwo khalidwe limeneli amakhala ndi mpikisano interspecific.

Zitsanzo za nyama poyera kuti speciation enieni - ndi North America Beaver ndi mink. masauzande ambiri zapitazo, Asia ndi North America unali olumikizidwa ndi Malowo.

Kumtunda, anthu mitundu mbadwa ya makoswe. Pamene panali Bering Strait, chiwerengero Yuro-Asian ndi American wa nyama chifukwa cha divergence anapanga mtundu watsopano, kupikisana ndi mzake. Kusiyana pakati pa anthu a anthu ndi kumatheka chifukwa cha makhalidwe kusamutsidwa.

Kodi n'zotheka kuchepetsa mpikisano interspecific?

Kulongosolerana kamodzinso kuti anthu zachilengedwe interspecific mpikisano - ndi ubale wa zamoyo a anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zofuna zinthu zofanana zofunika umoyo wawo. Izi zikhoza kukhala malo okhala, kuwala, chinyezi ndipo, ndithudi, chakudya.

M'mikhalidwe achilengedwe, gulu la taxa osiyana kuti kugawana malo dziko ndi m'munsi chakudya akhoza kuchepetsa kuthamanga mpikisano m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nanga yafupika mpikisano interspecific? Mwachitsanzo - kugawikana kwa osiyanasiyana, imbaenda mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya waterfowl - chiswankhono, shag. Ngakhale kuti akukhala pa malo omwewo, koma anthu a anthu a mitundu woyamba kudya invertebrates benthic ndi akalumikidzidwa nsomba, ndipo chachiwiri - kufufuza zakudya mu zigawo chapamwamba madzi.

Pakuti zamoyo autotrophic amadziwikanso yodziwika ndi mpikisano interspecific. Zitsanzo za zomera, kuchirikiza kuchepetsa maonekedwe a nkhondo kuti Mulungu alipo - mitundu herbaceous ndi mawonekedwe mtengo. anthu awa ndi dongosolo multilevel muzu zipangitsa kulekana kwa zigawo nthaka, imene zomera kuyamwa madzi ndi michere. Chipinda kupanga zinyalala (Anemone Ranunculaceae, chotchezera, bearberry) ndi kutalika taproot ku millimeters angapo masentimita 10 ndi mitundu osatha mtengo gymnosperms ndi maluwa zomera - kuchokera 1.2 mamita 3.5 m.

mpikisano kulowelera

mawonekedwe Izi zimachitika pamene mitundu yosiyanasiyana ntchito chimodzimodzi chinthu zachilengedwe kapena gwero. Nthawi zambiri ndi chonse chakudya. Tizilombo, monga nyama ndi zomera, komanso mpikisano ambiri interspecific.

Zitsanzo ndi Photos of kuyesera kufotokoza pansipa ifotokoza P. Park kuphunzira, ikuchitika pansi zinthu zasayansi. Asayansi ntchito mitundu iwiri ya zatsopano tizilombo, a m'banja Tenebrionidae - Muchnik (mealworms).

Anthu mitundu izi kulowa mpikisano chakudya (ufa) ndipo anali zolusa (kafadala kudya mitundu ina).

Mu m'galasi zatsopano anali kusintha zinthu abiotic: kutentha ndi chinyezi. Iwo anasintha mosavuta madera ulamuliro wa munthu kapena mtundu wina. Patapita nthawi pamalo yokumba (bokosi ndi ufa) anapezeka toyesa a mtundu umodzi wokha ndi wina - mbisoweka kwathunthu.

mpikisano ntchito

Vutolo limachitika chifukwa cha cholinga kulimba kwa zamoyo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zinthu abiotic kuti ali pa osachepera: chakudya, gawo. Chitsanzo cha fomu zoterozo ankachita zachilengedwe - chakudya cha mbalame za thupi mitundu yosiyanasiyana pa mtengo womwewo, koma tiers zosiyanasiyana.

Choncho, interspecies mpikisano - zili zamoyo mtundu zoterozo zimachitika pakati pa zamoyo, imbaenda:

• kulekana lofunika a anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe sanali zofanana niches zachilengedwe;
• mtundu athamangitsidwe chimodzi cha biogeotsinoza pulasitiki;
• anthu wonse ellimanatsii mu anthu ndi kupikisana taxon.

Zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono ndi zofooka zake, zokhudzana mpikisano interspecific

maphunziro zachilengedwe anapeza kuti biogeotsinozy zigwirizana niches ambiri zachilengedwe mitundu yambiri ya moyo topezeka kudera limenelo. The spatially pafupi zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono madera zofunika taxa mu biotope, ndi oopsa nkhondo kuchita zinthu za chilengedwe:

• dera;
• chakudya m'munsi;
• pamene anthu moyo.

Awa ndi magawo atatu waukulu weniweni kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe anthu. Izo zimasokoneza amodzi akafuna kuli anthu, monga parasitism, mpikisano, predation, malo okhala chiletso, kuchepetsa chuma chakudya.

kuchepetsa Environmental kuthamanga mu biotope ndi motere:

• layering mu nkhalango losakanizika;
• malo osiyanasiyana a mphutsi ndi akulu. Choncho, atombolombo naiads moyo pa zomera za m'madzi ndi imago kuti katswiri chilengedwe mpweya; mu May kachilomboka mphutsi moyo mu zigawo chapamwamba nthaka, ndi tizilombo wamkulu tikukhala mu malo pansi mpweya.

Zonse zochitika zimenezi n'zimene chinthu monga mpikisano interspecific. Zitsanzo za nyama ndi zomera anapereka pamwamba akutitsimikizira izi.

Zotsatira interspecific mpikisano

Tikambirana chodabwitsa ambiri chikhalidwe, yodziwika monga mpikisano interspecific. Zitsanzo - zamoyo ndi zachilengedwe (monga gawo lake) - azipereka ife ndi ndondomeko izi mu malo a chamoyo a ufumu wa bowa ndi zomera, komanso nyama.

Zotsatira za mpikisano interspecific nkhawa coexistence ndi M'MALO mitundu ndi zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Chodabwitsa woyamba lidakali nthawi ndi zokhudza mitundu topezeka kudera alibe kuonjezera chiwerengero chawo, monga pali chinthu makamaka mu kubalana wa anthu. M'malo a mitundu, potengera malamulo a osati mpikisano ndi njira kwambiri kwa kuthamanga pulasitiki ndi sertilnogo mtundu kuti zivute zitani kumabweretsa imfa ya munthu mmodzi - mpikisano.

Environmental zosiyanasiyana (divergence) kumabweretsa mapangidwe kusintha pang'ono, mitundu kwambiri apadera. Iwo amaveka mbali za osiyanasiyana okwana, pamene pali ubwino (mawu a mitundu ndi kubalana, zakudya).

Mu ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana za kupikisana mitundu iwiri kuchepetsa masiyanidwe awo majini, ndi amakonda dziwe jini zambiri ndiwofatsa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti m'madera amenewa, wosasunthika mawonekedwe kusankha zamoyo adzakulamulira galimoto zosokoneza maganizo ake.