19 m'ma England: mbiriyakale, masiku zazikulu ndi zochitika

19 m'ma England anali moona golide nyengo. Pa nthawi imeneyo, ulamuliro wake andale ndi azachuma anakhala pafupi angatsutse. Iye anakwanitsa kuthawa French chosintha kufalikira chifukwa chilango palokha zinali zosiyana kwambiri zisinthe - sayansi ndi luso. Mafakitale anakankhira dziko ku malo kutsogolera mu chuma cha padziko lonse, koma kani yogwira mfundo yachilendo ya England anapereka dziko ukulu pakati limati European. Izi ndi zinthu zina zambiri, osati bwanji miyoyo ya English okha, komanso amapereka vekitala ena a mbiri chitukuko.

Mafakitale ku England m'zaka za m'ma 19

Pofuna kumvetsa chifukwa sayansi ndi luso kusintha England analandira pansi kwambiri chonde kwa chitukuko, muyenera mwakuya pang'ono mu nkhaniyo. chakuti atumwi 19 England anakumana ndi dziko loyamba kulenga zinthu zikamera wa bizinesi. The bourgeois Kukwera kwa m'ma 17 mochedwa anapereka dziko dongosolo latsopano ndale - malire ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko mafumu. Mwa mphamvu ya bourgeoisie latsopano linapangidwa kuti analola kulongosola mfundo pagulu ndi vuto la zachuma, nayenso. Pa mfundo imeneyi, lingaliro la Machinization ntchito anthu, ndipo, chotero, kuti kuchepetsa ndalama ntchito ndi mitengo ya zinthu, ndithudi, ndi mwayi chikukwaniritsidwa. Chifukwa, msika dziko anasefukira ndi katundu British, amene anali bwino ndi mtengo mankhwala a maiko amenewo kumene kulamuliridwa ndi kupanga.

The Ataliatali kwambiri

The kuchepa chiwerengero cha anthu wamba ndi kuchuluka kwa mzinda - momwe kusintha nkhope chikhalidwe cha m'ma 19 England. Chiyambi cha resettlement kwambiri kachiwiri kuika mafakitale. chiwerengero cha mafakitale chawonjezeka likunena, ndi kufuna yambiri mukadzayamba ntchito. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chinthu ichi sanadutsitse kuti kuchepa kwa ulimi. M'malo mwake, iwo okha kupindula izi. Mu minda mpikisano waukulu yaing'ono ndawapatsa njira umwini dziko zikuluzikulu - ulimi. Mwayamba okhawo amene amatha konza kasamalidwe wanu kalembedwe: ntchito feteleza bwino, makina ndi luso ulimi chitsanzo latsopano. Kumene, mtengo wochitira chuma ichi chinakhala kwambiri, komanso phindu ndi kuwonjezeka zolowa wakhala yosiyana. Ndiyo njira ndi kusintha kwa bizinesi ku England (m'ma 19) anayamba mwachangu kukhala ulimi. Zokolola zokolola ziweto wakhala atagonjetsedwa m'mayiko ambiri European mu dziko kangapo.

Lamulo la atsamunda ku United Kingdom

Mwina dziko yapangitsa madera ambiri, monga England mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19. India, Canada, Africa, Australia ndipo kenako nayenso anakhala gwero la kudzikundikira chuma chake. Koma ngati kale amangoika agwidwa ankalamulira English, ndi ndondomeko zosiyana kwambiri atsamunda yodziwika m'ma 19. England akuyamba ntchito njuchi ngati msika chuma chawo ndi magwero a zipangizo. Mwachitsanzo, Australia, kumene iye anali kutenga chilichonse, England ntchito monga minda yaikulu nkhosa. India wakhala gwero la zipangizo za makampani thonje. Mu yomweyi, England madera infest katundu wawo kutsekereza mwayi kukhala kumeneko kupanga yekha, potero kukula kudalira ya nthambi ya ku chilumba mbuye wawo. Ambiri, mfundo yachilendo anali kutali woona.

mkate ndi njala

The zambiri England anakula wolemera kwambiri, ndi kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka. Charles Dickens anali ndi chikhalidwe chosangalatsa cha zina zachidule awo. N'zovuta kunena, ngati zambiri za izo konse pachabe. Kutalika kwa tsiku pa ntchito kawirikawiri maola 12-13, ndi zambiri. Pa yomweyo malipiro nthawi sadzachitanso zokwanira kupeza zinthu zofunika. Opanga zambiri ntchito wotchipa mkazi ngakhale ntchito ana - kumayambiriro makina yopanga amaloledwa. mabungwe ntchito iliyonse anaziletsa ndipo amaona kuti kupanduka a. Mu 1819, ku Manchester, ku dera Petersfield, anawomberedwa kusonyeza antchito. M'nthawi otchedwa atapha anthu "Nkhondo ya Peterloo." Koma zambiri pachimake atasemphana adanyamuka pakati eni fakitale ndi nzika. Kukwera kwa mitengo ya tirigu zinayambitsa kuwuka mu mtengo wa buledi, zimene zinachititsa kulera malipiro kwa ogwira ntchito. Chifukwa, yamalamulo opanga ndi nzika zaka kukoka chingwe "Chimanga Malamulo".

openga mfumu

England zokhumba pandale kwambiri. Zilibe muwaletse iwo, ndi kuti mutu wa boma anali wamisala mwamtheradi. Mu 1811, George, Mfumu ya England, anatsimikizidwa sangathe, ndipo mwana wake wamkulu zinachitikadi pa zingwe za boma dziko, kukhala regent. zododometsa asilikali Napoleon ankaimba m'manja mwa zokambirana British. Pambuyo mthunzi wake ku Moscow makoma anali England anakhala akhazikitsidwe mfundo, amene adatenga kumenya lonse la Europe ndi mtsogoleri French. Mtendere wa Paris, Mukalowa mu 1814, anawonjezera kuti amtengo wake kwambiri kuchuluka kwa dziko latsopano. France anali kupereka England Malta, Tobago, ndi Seychelles. Netherlands - dziko Guyana ndi m'minda kwambiri thonje la Ceylon ndi Cape of Good Hope. Denmark - Helgoland. Ndipo pansi zothandizira mipingo yawo wake wapamwamba wa Ionian Islands anapulumutsidwa. Choncho increments m'madera anatembenuka Regency. England musati yawn ndi pa nyanja. Pambuyo Wamkulu sitima anali, iye anatenga ulamuliro pa mutu wa "Dona wa Panyanja." zaka ziwiri inatenga atasemphana ake ndi United States. zombo English zonse zimadutsa madzi pafupi ndi ndale, osati ngakhale churayas moona anawazunza zolusa. Mu 1814, mtendere chinasainidwira, limene kwa nthawi abweresa mtendere wamumtima.

bata ndi poduka

nthawi imene malamulo a England William IV (1830-1837) analidi kuberekana kwa dziko. Ngakhale anthu ochepa anakhulupirira izo - chifukwa mfumu pa nthawi ya inalowa mpando wachifumu wa zaka 65, wa zaka ndithu nthawi imeneyo. Chimodzi mwa malamulo ambiri chikhalidwe zofunika anali oyamba zofunikila pa ntchito ana. Pafupifupi onse United Ufumu wa Great Britain anapulumutsidwa ku ukapolo. Anasintha Chilamulo Osauka. Zinali kwambiri chete ndi mtendere nthawi mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19. Mpaka Crimea Nkhondo 1853 panalibe nkhondo yaikulu. Koma kusintha kwambiri a William IV anakhala kusintha aphungu. Dongosolo lakale sanalole kuti nawo chisankho antchito osati kokha, komanso watsopano mafakitale bourgeoisie. Commons anali m'manja mwa amalonda, eni chuma ndi osunga ndalama. Iwo anali ambuye a nyumba ya malamulo a. The bourgeoisie anatembenukira kwa ogwira ntchito amene poganiza kuti nawonso, udzapeza malamulo banga, anawathandiza kuteteza ufulu wawo. Nthawi zambiri ndi manja. The July utasintha cha 1830 ku France anali pagalimoto wina wamphamvu pa njira zothetsera vutoli. Mu 1832, kusintha aphungu zinachitikadi, imene bourgeoisie mafakitale tingaphunzire mu Nyumba ya Malamulo yoyenera kuvota. Antchito Komabe, kuchokera kanthu izi anapambana, amene anapangitsa Chartist kuyenda mu England.

kulimbana ogwira ntchito ufulu wawo

Kunyengedwa ndi malonjezo bourgeoisie, ndi kalasi ntchito tsopano ankatsutsa icho. Mu 1835 anayamba zitsanzo misa ndi zisudzo, kunakula ndi isanayambike mavuto mu 1836, pamene zikwi ogwira ntchito molimbika anaponyedwa kunja mu msewu. Mu London, anapanga "mgwirizano wa antchito" imene anakonza ndi hayala kwa othandiza chilengedwe kugonjera ake yamalamulo. Mu English "hayala" zikumveka ngati "hayala", choncho dzina - ndi Chartist kuyenda. Mu England, antchito anafuna mwakufuna lokha ufulu wa bourgeoisie ndi kulola kuti asankhe ofuna kupolisi. mkhalidwe wawo likuipiraipira ndi yekhayo amene akhoza kuima kwa iwo - ndi iwo kuchita. gululi unagawanika m'magulu atatu. London kalipentala Lovett anatsogolera phiko zolimbitsa amene amaona kuti okha chingapezeke mwa bata, ntchito zokambirana. chartists ena ankawanyoza amanenela mphukira ya "pinki pang'ono chipani madzi." Pa kulimbana thupi kutsogoleredwa ndi Ireland loya O'Connor. Yekha mwini mphamvu zachilendo, katswiri wa nkhonya zazikulu, iye anatsogolera antchito ambiri zigawenga. Koma panali lachitatu, kunachitika phiko panobe. mtsogoleri wawo anali Garni. An admirer wa Marx ndi Chichewa ndi zolinga za ulimi French, anali kugwira nkhondo kulanda m'dziko kuchokera kwa alimi kuti athandize boma ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa maola asanu ndi atatu muyezo tsiku ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, Chartist kuyenda mu England analephera. Komabe, phindu nachobe: bourgeoisie ndi kukumana ntchito pa mfundo zingapo, ndi yamalamulo malamulo ndi kuteteza ufulu ogwira anatengedwa.

m'ma 19 England pa nthawi wamkulu kutukuka

Mu 1837, anakwera wachifumu wa Koroleva Viktoriya. Nthawi ya ulamuliro wake akuganiza kuti "golide nyengo" a dziko. The mwamtendere kuti kufotokoza mfundo yachilendo ya England, analola komaliza kuganizira kwambiri kutukula. Chifukwa cha m'ma 19 zinali zamphamvu kwambiri ndi wolemera mu Ufumu Europe. Iye amakhoza ulembedwe zikhalidwe za dziko m'bwalomo ndale ndi kukhazikitsa lipindulitsa pa kugwirizana ake. Mu 1841 zinatipatsa njanji imene ulendo koyamba mfumukazi. British ambiri akukhulupirirabe ulamuliro wa Victoria, nyengo yabwino, amene amadziwika mbiri ya England. m'ma 19, amene anasiya mayiko ambiri zipsera kwambiri, kunapezeka kuti dalitso kwa mtundu chilumba. Koma mwina kuposa kupambana andale ndi azachuma, British akunyadira makhalidwe a kuti mfumukazi anaika nzika za Ufumuwu. Features wa nyengo zamunthawi ya Victoria mu England kalekale ndi byword. Pamenepo zonse nthawi kuti pena anali wolumikizana ndi mbali ya thupi la umunthu, osati zobisika, komanso mwachangu anadzudzula. malamulo Ovuta makhalidwe adamfunsa kugonjera ndi mtima wonse, ndi kuphwanya kwawo kulangidwa mwankhanza. Anabwera ngakhale zosamveka: pamene anabweretsa kwa England chionetsero cha ziboliboli zosowa zakale, iwo poyera kuti bola ngati si anaphimba ndi mkuyu tsamba maliseche awo onse. Kumwa akazi ndi nkhawa, mpaka ukapolo wathunthu. Iwo akhatairiswa tayu kutonga kuwerenga manyuzipepala ndi nkhani zandale saloledwa kuyenda popanda kuperekezedwa wamwamuna. Phindu lalikulu ankaona ngati m'banja, kusudzulana kapena kusakhulupirira anasonyeza chabe chokhumudwitsa chigawenga.

zokhumba Imperial wa ufumu

Pofika m'ma 19 zinaonekeratu kuti "golide zaka" chopezera kuchepa ake. US ndi kuyanjana Germany pang'onopang'ono anakweza mutu wake, ndi United Ufumu wa Great Britain pang'onopang'ono kusiya malo ake kutsogolera dziko m'bwalomo ndale. Anayamba kulamulira magulu ndiwofatsa kuti kulimbikitsa mawu imperialist. Iwo Anapikisana ndi mfundo aufulu - kuganizira chitukuko ndi zachuma - bata akulonjeza kofuna kusintha zolimbitsa ndi kuteteza mabungwe miyambo British. Mtsogoleri wa ku ndiwofatsa Party panthawiyo anali Disraeli. Mlandu olekerera kukhumudwitsa zokonda dziko. Chinthu chachikulu akuthandiza "utsamunda" ya England, ndi osafuna kusintha ndinaganiza lankhondo lamphamvu. Kale m'ma 1870 izo koyamba mawu akuti "Ufumu wa Britain," Koroleva Viktoriya linatchedwa Mfumukazi ya India. Olekerera, kutsogoleredwa ndi William Gladstone lolunjika pa mfundo atsamunda. M'zaka 19 England ali zambiri kuti awasunge zonse mu dzanja limodzi, izo zinali zovuta kwambiri. Gladstone anali wothandiza wa chitsanzo Greek ya kulamulira, iye ankakhulupirira kuti ubwenzi wauzimu ndi chikhalidwe amphamvu kwambiri kuposa chuma. Canada anapatsidwa ndi malamulo, ndi ena wa njuchi analandira kwambiri ufulu chuma ndi ndale.

Nthawi patukani kanjedza

Mwakhama osauka pambuyo yogwirizanitsa, Germany wayamba kusonyeza zikhumbo lomveka kwa hegemony. katundu British sanali okha mu dziko msika, ndi German ndipo American mankhwala anali tsopano moipirapo. Mu England, ife anazindikira kuti m'pofunika kusintha mfundo zachuma. Anakhazikitsidwa mu 1881, Fair Trade League anaganiza pa reorientation katundu ku msika European kwa Asia. Zimenezi ziyenera kuti zinamuthandiza kundende wowopsa. Kufanana limeneli linali lolimbikitsa chitukuko ya British Africa ndi gawo pafupi ndi British India. Ambiri Asian mayiko - Afghanistan ndi Iran, mwachitsanzo - akhala pafupifupi theka la chambiri England. Koma kwa nthawi yoyamba mu zaka zambiri, mtundu chilumba wakhala akukumana ndi mpikisano m'munda umenewu. Mwachitsanzo, France, Belgium, Germany ndi Portugal komanso analengeza ufulu wake m'mayiko African. Pa mfundo imeneyi, UK anayamba mwachangu kukhala "dzhingoistskie" maganizo. Mawu akuti "Jingo" amatanthauza othandiza zokambirana ndewu ndi njira chogonedwa monyengeleredwa ndale. Jingo anadzatchedwa monga nationalists kwambiri, ayamba lingaliro wakutemwa lachifumu. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti m'madera ambiri a England adzakwanilitse kwambiri, adzakhala mphamvu yake ndi ulamuliro.

M'ma 19 angatchedwe m'zaka za England mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi. Nzosadabwitsa anapata mutu wa "msonkhano wa dziko". katundu British pa msika koposa ena alionse. Iwo anali wotsika mtengo ndipo akhoza kudzitama zabwino kwambiri. Luso la zopangapanga wapereka England chipatso wolemera kwambiri kuti wakhala zotheka chifukwa chakuti mu dziko lino kale kuposa ena onse, anapereka ufumu mtheradi. magulu atsopano mu aphungu mwabweretsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Achita zilakolako aukali wa mayiko anapereka chakudya madera atsopano, amene, ndithudi, kuwonjezera pa chuma, ndipo anabweretsa mavuto ambiri. Komabe, pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19, England anakhala mmodzi wa mayiko amphamvu kwambiri, omwe kenako analola kuti apitiriza kudula map kusankha tsoka la mbiri.