Adat - ndi chiyani ichi? Tanthawuzo la mawuwo

Adat - ndi (Jawi: عادت) - ndi generic akuti, anaitenga ku Chiarabu pofotokoza zosiyanasiyana anaphedwa Chisilamu mu North Caucasus, miyambo ndiponso miyambo ku Central ndi Asia South-East. Ngakhale pa chiyambi chake Arabic, mawu akuti "adat" ambiri mu apanyanja Asia Southeast, kumene chifukwa chikoka atsamunda ankagwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo zosiyanasiyana m'madera omwe si Muslim. Mu nthawi chisanadze Chisilamu la mbiri, panali zinthu zambiri malamulo kuti okhudza moyo wa m'deralo, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo ndi adat. Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "adat" Nthawi zambiri kusiyana ndi lamulo Sharia

Akamanena za adat

M'munda malamulo, adat - malamulo apachikhalidwe, malamulo, zoletsa ndi malamulo pa kasamalidwe ka khalidwe munthu kukhala membala wa dera Muslim ndi chilango chifukwa chophwanya iwo. Ndi mtundu wa mankhwala zigawo zosiyana za anthu amene malamulowa ndi malamulo. Iwo ali ndithu ndiwofatsa komanso okhwima. Adat mulinso malamulo a m'deralo ndi chikhalidwe, kachitidwe mkangano Pamudzi, limene anthu alipo kwa zaka zambiri.

Adat mu North Caucasus ndi ku Central Asia

Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa Islam, anthu a North Caucasus ndi ku Central Asia anali atayamba kale anakhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo a boma ndi boma, lomwe "adat" anadziwika m'nthawi Chisilamu. M'madera chikhalidwe Central Asia adzakhazikitse ufumuwu ndi overseen ndi anthu otchuka a m'deralo, monga ulamuliro, Board akulu. Bukuli lili ndi malamulo a mafuko a khalidwe pa zaka zambiri chigamulocho mikangano pakati pa anthu, madera, ndi mafuko. Mu North Caucasus, ndi zonse kuti mfundo miyambo ya adat malamulo linagamula kuti teip (banja) - ndi miyeso yolinganizira waukulu chifukwa cha kukhulupirika, ulemu, manyazi ndi udindo losonkhanitsidwa.

Utsogoleli atsamunda a Russian Ufumu chiyani saletsa ndi mchitidwe malamulo ndipo anapatsa kasamalidwe pa mlingo wa m'madera kuti mabungwe akulu ndi mabanja. Conco, kodi Bolsheviks mu zaka zoyambilira za 1917. Adat ankachita pakati pa anthu okhala ku Central Asia ndi Caucasus mpaka kumayambiriro 1930s, mpaka boma Soviet analetsa ntchito ndipo m'malo mwa malamulo a mayikowo.

Adat kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia

Ku Asia, mfundo "adat" ndipo tanthauzo lake anayamba kukonza mu dziko Islamicize Chimaleya olankhula. Zikuoneka ichi chidachitika kusiyanitsa malamulo chikhalidwe cha Chisilamu. M'zaka za m'ma XV malakkaysky Sultanate zachitika mpambo wa malamulo adziko lonse la nyanja, komanso Civil ndi malonda zizindikiro, adali ndi chikoka bwino lamulo lotchedwa "Sharia". Adat komanso inalili deta ya zikalata zaboma. zizindikiro izi kenaka linafalikira m'madera ndi yodzala-kunachitika gwero la malamulo chifukwa mchitidwe m'dera milandu ngati sultanates lalikulu dera, ngati Brunei, Johor, Pattani ndi Aceh.

Adat mu East Indies ndi kafukufuku wake

M'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma makumi awiri mu Dutch East Indies kuphunzira adat anatuluka ngati munda apadera kuphunzira. Ngakhale kuti zokhudzana ndi zosowa za utsogoleli atsamunda Komabe, limene lachititsa yolimbikira kafukufuku mwambo kumafuna machitidwe osiyanasiyana adat poyerekeza m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri wolemekezeka chinkhoswe mu kuphunzira adat limapezeka wa ku Netherlands Van Vallenhoven, wabweletsela Haar ndi Snoke Hungronhe. mfundo zingapo kiyi, amene amagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano monga mbali ya malamulo a pachikhalidwe kulili Indonesia ano. Zikuphatikizapo "chilamulo adat", "lamulo la adat m'dera ',' ufulu limodzi dziko kapena kugwiritsa ntchito" ndi "malamulo a m'deralo." lamulo Adat anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma la chitsamunda ngati akuti malamulo omwe amatanthauza kuti lamulo normative, limene laperekedwa ku ina palokha malamulo, kuwonjezera pa malamulo ovomerezeka. malamulo Local ndi miyambo ya anthu a mitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo si aslam ai, ndakhala pamodzi amaimira mawu akuti "adat" - mawu ndi tanthauzo malamulo. malamulo ake ndi malamulo akhala ndiyotengera mu mabukhu malamulo a mayiko awa, chimene polima zipani milandu Dera la East Indies. Malinga ndi chiwembu limeneri lagona pa gulu machitidwe adat onse chikhalidwe ndi malo wagawo, lonse anagawa Dutch East Indies osachepera khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi mabacteria malamulo.

Modern chikoka adat

Adat akadali ntchito m'mabwalo a Brunei, Malaysia ndi Indonesia (kumayiko kumene chipembedzo cha boma ndi Chisilamu) ngati malamulo a boma mu zinthu zina. Mu Malaysia, iliyonse malamulo boma, pali nthumwi udindo wa boma Malayan, monga mutu wa Islam ndi miyambo Chimaleya. Bungwe la States linkadziwika Majlis guloyo Islam dani Adat (Council of Islam ndi miyambo Chimaleya) adzakhala udindo Kuweluza atsogoleri boma, komanso lamulo la Affairs chisilamu ndipo adat.

Mlandu lamulo sprov ntchito mwambo

Litigation pa nkhani zokhudza zochitika za Islam ndi adat (mwachitsanzo, milandu pansi umwini anzake a akazi ndi ana awo pamodzi) akutsatiridwa mu khoti Sharia. lamulo adat - ndi kuti nthawi zambiri zimatsatira malamulo boma ndi achibale mu Muslim Asia Southeast. Mu madera a Sarawak ndi Sabah ya m'madera adat nemalayskoy Malaysia Anthu zilankhulo za akhala mtchatho mwa chilengedwe cha mabwalo wapadera kudziwika monga Bumiputra Mahkamaha ndi Mahkamov Anaki Negeri. Palinso dongosolo kufanana kwa Malays mitundu, ndilo lotchedwa Mahkamov, koma ndi ulamuliro zochepa.

The Indonesia adat malamulo akadali imeeet tanthauzo lalikulu malamulo m'madera ena, makamaka ambiri midzi Hindu ku Bali, Tenger m'chigawo ndi Sultanate wa Yogyakarta ndi Surakarta.

Adat mu malo pambuyo Soviet

Utatha zochitika Union a Soviet wa adat ku Central Asia anayamba kutsitsimutsa mu 1990s mwa Chisilamu m'madera akumidzi. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha mlili wa kugwa kwa mabungwe Kukwanilitsa malamulo ndi malamulo m'madera ambiri a ku Central Asia dera. Zikamera wa ndondomeko yatsopano ku mayiko wakhala kunathandiza kuti ndondomeko imeneyi, monga anawonjezera maluso ena mabungwe miyambo monga mabungwe a akulu (akulu), akuluakulu ena a utsogoleri kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatila malamulo a adat.

Caucasus ndi Chechen adat

Mu North Caucasus kwa zaka panali mwambo Fuko dongosolo la madera wodzilamulira. Chechen adats chikanachitika ndi Shamil. mawu "Adat" tanthauzo ndi kumasulira kwa amene amatanthauza mfundo yonena za "mwambo kapena chizolowezi," imathandiza kwambiri kwa North anthu Caucasus. Patapita nthawi Stalin, iye anayambiranso kuchita mobisa (ndi 1950 dvadtsatogogo m'ma). Pakuti Chechens adat - malamulo okhazikika khalidwe mu banja ndi anthu. Iliyonse yabwino Chechen banja amalemekeza ndi kusamalira anthu achikulire, makamaka makolo. makolo amakhala ndi mmodzi mwa ana ake. Chifukwa masikolala Chisilamu la kupondereza pa zaka Stalin, adat, amene analiko Chechnya ndi Dagestan, dera pafupifupi inalibe zinthu za chilamulo cha Chisilamu. Tsopano Koma ambiri a akatswiri a Muslim, lofalitsidwa mu Collection adat, zipangizo zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani zofunika mu bungwe m'mudzi ndi chigawo maboma.