Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha Russia amachitika chifukwa chodabwa ndi mbiri komanso ndale

Monga m'mayiko ambiri apamwamba a ku Ulaya, chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu monga sayansi ku Russia chinayamba pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Chilango ichi ndi makampani omwe amaphunzira malamulo a kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka anthu komanso momwe amachitira. Panthaŵi yomweyi, chitukuko chake m'dziko lathu chinali chodziwikiratu ndi zovuta za mbiri yakale ndi mgwirizano wa ndale pa nthawi yapadera.

Nthawi yisanayambe kusintha

Akatswiri oyambirira a zachikhalidwe cha ku Russia anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito za akatswiri a azungu. Choyamba, Auguste Comte, Georg Simmel ndi Emile Durkheim. Komabe, mu zochitika zapakhomo, sayansi iyi yapeza khalidwe lapadera kwambiri. Padziko lapansi, vuto lalikulu linali lingaliro lachidziko.

Apa ndiye kuti akatswiri a sayansi ya zachiroma a ku Russia anapanga mfundo zambiri zowopsya za dziko (ndipo zimatchuka ngakhale lero): Slavophilism, Westernism ndi zina zotero. Kuwonekera kwa magulu awiri ochirikiza malingalirowa, ndiye, kudalira lingaliro laling'ono pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. A Slavophil anali otsimikiza kuti mbiri yakale ya ku Russia inakhazikitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe chinapangitsa kufunika kwa chitukuko chokhazikika ndi kukana malingaliro a njira ya ku Ulaya, ndi zina zotero kuchokera ku mgwirizano. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha Russia a m'mayiko a kumadzulo amaona kuti Russia ndi mbali ya chitukuko cha ku Ulaya ndipo imalimbikitsa kugawidwa kwa ziyeneretso, komanso kugwirizanitsa mwamsanga ku banja la European.

Cha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, komanso kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri, kudzichepetsa kunakhala njira yoyamba mu lingaliro lasayansi la Russian. Mu zenizeni za Russia, chiphunzitso ichi chinatsimikizira kuti munthu akhoza kusintha kwambiri mbiri ya zochitika pazomwe akufuna, mosasamala malamulo omwe ali nawo cholinga cha chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Akatswiri odziwika bwino a ku Russia pazaka zisanayambe kusintha: N. Danilevsky, N. Chernyshevsky, L. Mechnikov, P. Lavrov ndi ena ambiri.

Socialological Science mu Soviet State

M'zaka khumi zoyambirira zotsitsimutsa panalibe ufulu wambiri wopititsa patsogolo maganizo a anthu. Phwandoli linkachita zotsutsana komanso kutsutsana ndi momwe dziko liyenera kukhalira. Sayansi ya anthu m'nthaŵi ino inali yodziwika bwino komanso yothandizidwa, zomwe akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha Russia ankagwiritsa ntchito.

Choncho, ku yunivesite ya Petrograd ndi Yaroslavl ngakhale magulu azinesi adalengedwa. Mu 1919 bungwe la zachikhalidwe linakhazikitsidwa m'dzikoli, mabuku ofanana ndi omwe anafalitsidwa. Komabe, poonjezera, kuganiza kwaulere kunasinthidwa, m'malo mwa njira ya Marxist yophunzira anthu.

M'zaka za m'ma 1930, chikhalidwe cha anthu chinali ponseponse mu nyansi za boma, kumakhala iye pseudoscience. Mchitidwe watsopano, wamanyazi wa chitsitsimutso ukuchitidwa ndi akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha Russia a m'zaka za zana la 20 mu theka lachiwiri, pamene m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi makumi asanu ndi makumi asanu ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo chitukuko chikupitirirabe mu dongosolo la sayansi yodziwika bwino - filosofi ndi zachuma. Kuzindikiritsidwa kwina kwa sayansi ya chitukuko kumalandiridwa kokha m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, ndi ufulu ndi perestroika. Komabe, kugwa kwa ndalama kwa boma kunatsogolera zaumulungu, monga sayansi yambiri, kwa zaka zambiri kuima.