Peter Lavrov: yonena ntchito ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Peter Lavrovich Lavrov (1828-1900) amadziwika monga mmodzi wa ideologists waukulu Russian Narodnichestvo. Pa nthawi ina iye anali kwambiri kuti mapangidwe kayendedwe chosintha m'dziko lathu. Chidwi ndi maphunziro ake sociological ndi nzeru zaumunthu kumvetsa maganizo a anzeru ndi zinthu umoyo ndale ku Russia mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, komanso ulosi wa kugwa kwa Bolshevism.

banja

Peter Lavrov kubanja odziwika mfulu. atate wake, S. Laurel, anatumikira mu ankhondo ndi nawo nkhondo ya 1812. Iye anali abwenzi ndi mutu wa Imperial Chancellery ndi midzi asilikali Alekseem Arakcheevym, amene anasangalala ndi chidaliro chonse cha Alexander Wamkulu. Nkhondo itatha, L. S. Lavrov anapuma ndi udindo wa wamkulu wa zida zankhondo anakwatiwa Elizabeth Karlovna Gandvig. Iye anachokera ku Russified banja Swedish mfulu, ndipo mwangwiro anawapanga nthawi yake. Mu 1823, chaka iwo anali ndi mwana wamwamuna, Peter. Pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwake banja ankakhala Melekhovo malo ili m'chigawo Pskov.

Peter Lavrovich Lavrov: yochepa yonena (wachinyamata)

Monga ena anzake ku amazikonda anthu otchuka, nzeru zapamwamba ku ubwana tsogolo kuphunzira zilankhulo. Makamaka, chifukwa mayi ndi namkungwi odziwa ndi m'banda ndi katswiri German French ndi.

Mu 1837, Peter Lavrov anatumizidwa ku St. Petersburg, kumene bwinobwino mayeso ndi analembetsa sukulu ya zida zankhondo. Pa maphunziro ake pa nkhondo sukulu iyi yapamwamba mkulu mnyamatayo anasonyeza kuti mwakhama ndi ankaona mwana yabwino Academician M. Ostrogradskii. kupambana kwake anali kwambiri atalandira dipuloma yake repetitorstvovat anachoka ku sukulu kwawo. Limodzi ndi maphunziro, Peter Lavrov paokha ankaphunzira mabuku sayansi sayansi chikhalidwe ndi zachuma, kulemba ndakatulo ndi kufufuza m'munda wa masamu. Great kuganiza Iye anapanga ntchito za Nazi zosatheka.

ntchito zina

The namkungwi wamng'ono wa masamu Sciences posachedwa litavomereza ndi anzake ndipo anaikidwa mlangizi ankhondo pa Mikhailovsky zida zankhondo Academy wa St. Petersburg, kukwera ku Mulingo wa msilikaliyo. Mu 1860 iye anasamutsidwa kuti Konstantinovsky usilikali School, komwe anaphunzitsidwa amatsata zaka zingapo.

moyo

Mu 1847, Peter Lavrov anakwatira wokongola wamasiye-AH Loveyko. Ukwati ndi mayi wa ana awiri, ndipo ngakhale German ndi chiyambi (nee Kapger) kulepheretsa Laura Stepanovich, amene kulota machesi wanzeru mwana wake. Motero, Petro mosatsata ndisamalire kholo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, banjali anaonekera ana anayi ndipo ana aakazi a ambiri, kupanga zinthu udindo wa m'banja kwambiri moyo. Kuti mwanjira "kutuluka," Lavrov anakakamizika ndalama maphunziro apaderawo "kumbali" ndi kulemba nkhani yapadera chifukwa "zida zankhondo Journal". zinthu zasintha kwa bwino pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake ndi mchimwene pamene Peter Lavrovich analandira cholowa wabwino.

ntchito mabuku ndi sayansi

Ngakhale mavuto moyo, indefatigable Peter Lavrov anali kulingalira ntchito wotchuka akatswiri European yake, lofalitsidwa ndakatulo mu A. I. Gertsena, nawo chilengedwe cha "Buku Dictionary" nkhani nzeru ndi Chaanthu, komanso pa nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino onse , mabuku, luso ndi maphunziro onse.

Komanso, buku lake loyamba inafalitsidwa mu 1860. Mu ntchito iyi, yakuti ngati "Essays pa nkhani ya nzeru yeniyeni," Lavrov amanena kuti munthu oipa kulowa nkhondo ndi anthu amene chilungamo akulamulira. Mu maganizo ake, dziko abwino zitha kukhala dongosolo pogwiritsa pa mgwirizano yaufulu wa anthu abwino ndi aulere.

Kumangidwa ndi ukapolo

Mu 1860 Peter Lavrovich Lavrov, yonena za chomwe chili pamwamba, nawo mbali mwachangu wophunzira ndi chosintha apaulendo. Iye anakhala kucheza ndi N. G. Chernyshevskim ndi membala wa gulu loyamba "Land and Ufulu".

April 4, 1866 pa zipata za Chilimwe Garden D. Karakozov anapanga chiwembucho Alexander II. Zinali Kalanga Komabe, chifukwa chitsutsocho anavutika ndi Pedru Lavrov. Iye anamangidwa pa milandu "kufalitsa malingaliro osalungama" ndipo pochita ndi Chernyshevsky, Mikhailov ndi Professor Pavlov. Pambuyo m'ndende mwachidule ndi bwalo anamutuma ulalo Vologda Province. Kumene ankakhala ku 1867 kuti 1870 ndipo anakumana ndi gulu ukapolo wa Polish kugalukira A. Chaplitsky, amene anakhala lamulo wamba mkazi wake.

"Chiyambi Letters"

Mu ukapolo, Peter Lavrovich Lavrov analemba bwino ntchito umoyo ndale, akukumana vutoli Russian anzeru.

Wake "Historical Letters" anaitana achinyamata kudzuka ndi kumvetsa vuto la mphindi mbiri, komanso anthu wamba muyenera muthandizeni kuzindikira mphamvu yake. Maonekedwe a mankhwala anali oposa yake, ngati anzeru chosintha anali kufufuza za maluso atsopano mphamvu tanthauzo lake. "Chiyambi Letters" Lavrov anali "kuwomba m'manja a bingu" ndi chimodzi mwa motivators maganizo kwa gulu la ntchito lenileni la anzeru chosintha.

Wambiri (Peter Lavrov) pambuyo 1870

Atabwerako kuukapolo chosintha anakwanitsa mozemba kutuluka m'dziko muno ndipo kupita ku Paris. Apo iye tinagwirizananso ndi akuluakulu a Western kayendedwe ntchito European ndi kulumikiza Ine International. M'nthawi ya ku Paris kuyanjana anapita ku London ndi cholinga kukonza kupulumutsidwa kwa comrades anazinga.

Pamene anali ku likulu la Britain Lavrov anakumana ndi Marx ndi Chichewa.

M'zaka 1873-1877 chosintha anakhala mkonzi wa magazini "Forward" ndi dzina lomweli ndi nyuzipepala 2-sabata - nyanga malangizo a populism Russian amatchedwa "lavrizmom". Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa Alexander II, Peter Lavrovich anakhala kucheza ndi anthu. Anavomera kusintha "Bulletin Chifuniro cha anthu" ndi L. Tikhomirov.

Pa nthawi yomweyo kukula kutchuka kwake padziko lonse. Wokwanira kuti mu July 1889 anthu a ku Armenia chipani Gnchak - woyamba Socialist Party, omwe ali ndi maudindo pa dera la Persia ndi Ottoman, Peter Lavrov ovomerezeka kuimira pa msonkhano wa Second International.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Mpaka masiku ake otsiriza, Peter Lavrov anapitiriza liaise ndi gulu chosintha. Komabe, pa mapeto a moyo wake unali chidwi kwambiri zokhudza mbiri ya nzeru. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa sayansi lidalembedwa ntchito angapo ongolankhula, kuphatikizapo monograph "Mfundo za ntchito ya mbiri."

Peter Lavrov, mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe zinali maziko a gulu Anthu, anamwalira mu Paris mu 1900, zaka zaka 72 ndipo anaikidwa m'manda mu manda a Montparnasse.

Atachoka lalikulu zolembalemba cholowa, kuphatikizapo ntchito 825 ndi 711 makalata. Iye alinso woyambitsa ambiri ndakatulo ndale, Pakati makamaka otchuka "Ntchito Marseillaise", kuyambira ndi mawu "kusiya dziko lakale ..." chimene nyimbo linalembedwa patapita. M'zaka ziwiri zoyambirira za m'ma 20, nyimbo iyi inali imodzi mwa kaŵirikaŵiri anachita pa kunyanyala, inawomba komanso congresses a boma, ndi zaka zoyambirira za mphamvu Soviet ndi ziwanga anthu.

mfundo

The sayansi boma yovomerezeka Lavrov kuti eclecticism. Ndipo izi wolungama, kuyambira mu positivist-agnostitsisticheskoy nzeru zake, iye anayesera kuphatikiza dongosolo la Hegel, F. Lange, Feuerbach, Comte, Proudhon, Spencer, Chernyshevsky, Bakunin ndi Marx.

Malinga ndi iye, nkhani amapanga makhalidwe anapanga ochepa okha, choncho ntchito yoyamba ya boma ndi kukhala abwino abwino.

Mu 1870s panali pa otsatira Lavrov ndi odzipereka, otchedwa gulu bashentsev. Komanso, anakhala mtsogoleri otchuka ya phiko lamanja la boma la Russia Ufumu. Komabe zimenezi sizinakhalitse, ndipo amalimbikitsa posakhalitsa ambiri mfundo wake itatembenuzidwira zambiri kwakukulu Bakuninism. Komabe, lavrizm ankaimba palibe mbali pokonza anthu tsogolo la mabwalo woyamba chikhalidwe-demokalase.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa amene P. Lavrov. Monga mmodzi wa mamembala angapo a otchuka amene kufunitsitsa kusintha zinthu antchito ndi anthu wamba, Peter Lavrovich sunaiwalike ndi akuluakulu dziko loyamba la ogwira ntchito ndi wamba dziko. Makamaka, Furshtatskaya msewu anadzatchedwa Leningrad ulemu wake. Chifukwa lero, ambiri otchuka Petrograd Palace Petra Lavrova, kumene ukwati umachitika. Ndipo ukuimira ndithu, monga nzeru zapamwamba wotchuka kamodzi anapereka ndalama bwino kukhala chifukwa cha ukwati wake ndi mkazi amene iye amamukonda, ndipo kenako anakhala naye kwa zaka makumi atatu osangalala.