Aliphatic chimasanduka - ndi chiyani ichi?

chimasanduka Aliphatic - ndi mankhwala organic amene mamolekyulu ali yekha umodzi kumangigwa. Zikuphatikizapo alkanes ndi cycloparaffins, zizindikiro zawo ayankhidwa mu nkhani yathu.

Chilinganizo ambiri alkanes

Oimira gulu ili yodziwika ndi chilinganizo ambiri SpN2p + 2. Ndi paraffins monga mankhwala onse ali ndi unyolo lotseguka momwe ma atomu olumikiza mzake mwa maunyolo umodzi. Chifukwa chakuti m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, chimasanduka aliphatic ndi layamba mankhwala, iwo dzina lakuti "paraffins". Tiyeni tione zina mwa zinthu structural wa oimira kalasi iyi, chikhalidwe cha kumangidwa mu mamolekyulu, kugwiritsa ntchito makampani.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za dziko

Monga woimira zosavuta kalasi akhoza kutchulidwa dziko. Zinali iye amene wayamba mndandanda wa chimasanduka aliphatic. Kuwaululira mbali kanukanu.

Mpweya umene umapanga gaseous m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa chinthu popanda fungo ndi mtundu. Pawiri popangidwa ndi kuwonongeka m'chilengedwe popanda pamaso pa mumlengalenga mpweya zomera ndi nyama zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, opezeka mu gasi Koma panopa ntchito lalikulu zedi monga mafuta kupanga ndi kunyumba.

Kodi mtundu wa mankhwala ubale ndi chimasanduka anthu? Aliphatic, kuchepetsa covalent mankhwala organic ali kumalo ozizira mamolekyulu.

Molekyulu ali tetrahedral mawonekedwe dziko molekyulu, mtundu wa mwakusakaniza maatomu mpweya mu sp3, Chofanana mbali anatambasula 109 madigiri mphindi 28. Pachifukwa ichi, aliphatic chimasanduka - ndi mankhwala layamba mankhwala.

Makamaka dziko homologues

Kupatula pa dziko mu gasi ndi mafuta lili chimasanduka ena, amene analembedwa zofanana ndi icho. Woyamba anayi nthumwi magazi mndandanda paraffins ali mu mkhalidwe gaseous wa loitanirana, ndi solubility otsika mu madzi.

Ndi kukula ukulu wa misa wachibale maselo anati kuwonjezeka kutentha kuwira ndi limatsogolera CxHy. Mwa oimira munthu zingapo pali kusiyana CH2 wotchedwa kusiyana magazi. Ndi chitsimikizo mwachindunji pawiri yoperekedwa kwa mzere uwu organic.

chimasanduka onse aliphatic - ndi zinthu zimene mosavuta sungunuka mankhwala ndiponso.

isomerism mndandanda

Pakuti oimira paraffins angapo isomerism ndi khalidwe la mpweya mafupa. Ndi chifukwa kuthekera kasinthasintha okhudza malo ozungulira mpweya atomu a nsinga mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, kwa mankhwala C4H10 hydrocarbon zikuchokera akhoza kutenga mwachindunji mpweya mafupa - byuteni. Monga isomer structural adzachita 2-methylpropane, ndi dongosolo nthambi.

Chitsanzo mankhwala katundu khalidwe la paraffins, m'pofunika kuona m'malo anachita. Machulukitsidwe nsinga anafotokoza zonse zimene anachita ndi njira yake kwakukulu. Pofuna kupeza halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon, m'pofunika kuiperekeza halogenation anachita, ukuyenda pamaso pa dzuwa limakhala lamphamvu. Unyolo chikhalidwe cha zimachitika izi zimachitika mu mamembala onse ija anapatsidwa. The mankhwala chifukwa amatchedwa opangidwa kuchokera kampira. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani mankhwala monga mankhwala ndiponso.

Komanso onse aliphatic ndi zonunkhira chimasanduka kuwotcha pamaso pa mpweya kupanga madzi ndi mpweya. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu molekyulu ndi allocated ndi osiyana kuchuluka kwa kutentha. Kaya a kalasi ya mankhwala organic, njira yonse kuyaka ndi zochita exothermic kuti ntchito zapakhomo ndipo makampani.

Othandiza ntchito ali methane ndi dehydrogenation (abstraction wa hydrogen). Chifukwa cha ndondomeko iyi inatulutsa acetylene, lomwe ndi lofunika mankhwala feedstock.

Ntchito alkanes ndi alkanes chlorinated

Dichloromethane, chloroform, mpweya tetrachloride - madzi ndi solvents osiyana organic. Chloroform ndi iodoform ntchito mankhwala amakono. Kuwonongeka kwa dziko ndi imodzi mwa njira mafakitale yopangira mpweya wakuda, chofunika kupanga inks yosindikiza. Dziko imatengedwa ndiwo makampani mankhwala mu mpweya wa hydrogen ati ulimi wa ammonia ndi kaphatikizidwe zinthu zambiri organic.

chimasanduka unsaturated

Unsaturated aliphatic chimasanduka - iwo ali oimira angapo ethylene ndi acetylene. Pendani katundu zazikulu ndi ntchito. Pakuti alkene yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa ubwenzi awiri, kotero kuti chiwerengero cha njira ali mawonekedwe SpN2p.

Poona chikhalidwe cha mankhwala awa unsaturated, mwina kudziŵika kuti iwo anatani mankhwala: hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, gidrogalogenirovaniya. Komanso, oimira ethylene angathe polymerization. Ndi mbali zimawachititsa oimira gulu la eni makampani ano mankhwala. Polyethylene ndi polypropylene - mankhwala amapanga malonda m'munsi polima.

Acetylene - woyamba wa mndandanda ndi chilinganizo ambiri SpN2p-2. Pakati pa mbali zimasiyanitsa mankhwala awa amatha kusiyanitsa pamaso pa ubale patatu. kukhalapo kwake akufotokoza otaya zochita pawiri ndi halogens, madzi, halide wa hydrogen, haidrojeni. Ngati ubale patatu mu mankhwala amenewa ali mu malo oyamba, ndiye alkyne a amakhala ndi Mkhalidwe M'MALO anachita ndi mchere siliva zovuta. Luso limeneli ndi Mkhalidwe anachita alkyne ndi, ntchito kuti azindikire izo mu kusakanizikana ndi alkene ndi alkane.

Chimasanduka zonunkhira ndi unsaturated ozungulira mankhwala Koma iwo ankaona kuti mankhwala aliphatic.

Pomaliza

Ngakhale kusiyana zikuchokera kachulukidwe alipo mu oimira zimalimbikitsa ndi unsaturated mankhwala aliphatic, iwo ofanana mu mamolekyulu khalidwe chizindikiro muli mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. Kusiyana zikuchokera kachulukidwe (osiyanasiyana ambiri mitunduyi) oimira CxHy zimalimbikitsa ndi unsaturated mungafotokoze kusiyana kwake mu njira zimene kubala mankhwala osiyanasiyana.

N'chifukwa chake anthu a magulu onse a mankhwala awa kulowa anachita kuyaka kupanga carbon dioxide, madzi, Kupeleka wina kuchuluka kwa kutentha mphamvu, zomwe zimawachititsa otchuka monga mafuta pamoyo ndi mafakitale.