Almanac - ndi chiyani ichi? Almanac "Padziko Lonse". "Kusaka mipata" - pa Almanac

Nkhaniyi itithandiza kulankhula za limodzi mwa mabuku akale kwambiri analengedwa ndi anthu. Almanac - buku wopulumuka, anadutsa kwa mbiri yawo yaitali kwambiri kusintha, koma sanataye kufunika kwake ndi changu.

tanthauzo

Almanac - buku siriyo cha manambala kupitiriza zosonkhanitsira chipinda lomwe lili ndi mabuku ndi luso kapena osakhala zopeka nkhani. Mawu akuti kunayamba Arab "Almana" kutanthauza "nthawi muyeso". Mu 14 ndi 15 zaka almanacs ndi kalendala ndi matebulo Kuwonjezera zakuthambo.

Mtundu uwu magazini buku mwa palibe periodicity zonse - zambiri ndi Almanac, ngakhalenso kamodzi pachaka kapena ayi konse ndi aliyense kumasulidwa masiku enieni. Lili zambiri za ntchito osiyana siyana: zokhudza zosintha kuti mabuku, sayansi, kusintha malamulo, ndi zina zotero. Choncho, m'dera lawo Almanac kutseka mtundu wa kalendala akalozera.

Almanac m'nthawi yakaleyo

Almanacs anaonekera kalekale. Aroma wakale kufalitsa zopereka pamanja, kusonyeza masiku maholide achipembedzo. Aigupto anali mu njira miyala mwala, omwe ndi mfundo zokhudza kayendedwe ka mapulaneti. Mu Denmark ndi Norway kalelo opangidwa mkuwa mbale, matabwa, anatchula MMENE osiyana. Kale, ndi Almanac - ndi wamkulu komanso woyamba anali kutchulidwa kalendala ndi khalidwe nyenyezi.

Almanac mu Europe

Ku Ulaya, woyamba kusindikizidwa anthology anaonekera Vienna mu 1457. Iye akanakhoza ngakhale ntchito munthu osaphunzira, kuyambira ndi thandizo la zilembo zosiyanasiyana Pogoda ndi zochitika zakuthambo akhala akuonetsedwa. The Almanac kakunena za kayendedwe ka mapulaneti, masiku mwezi wathunthu, odziŵa za chilala, moto ndi njala. Mu 1474, gulu ofanana inafalitsidwa mu Hungary, mu Latin ndi German. Kuyambira m'ma 16 mwambo wa kumasuka anthologies osiyanasiyana ku Ulaya anavomereza komaliza. Kuwonjezera mfundo zikuluzikulu, kope zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zambiri pa timbewu tonunkhira, makalata magalimoto, maholo bwalo, misika komanso fairs. Kuti akope kufunika ndi chidwi otchuka, mu anthology anayamba kufalitsa mndandanda wa atsogoleri achipembedzo, mizu mbadwo ndi zina zotero. zopereka amatchedwa bwalo kapena achifumu. Iwo lofalitsidwa choyamba mu France, ndiye mu Saxony ndi Prussia, ndipo kenako - mu England. Pang'onopang'ono, kuwonjezera pa nkhaniyo mu almanacs anayamba monga ndakatulo, anecdotes, nkhani yochepa. Pambuyo pakutchulidwa wa kalendala, kusindikizidwa mapale amenewa akhala ngati periodicals buku. Panali zachuma, mbadwo, chipembedzo, zamtendere almanacs.

zolembalemba Almanac

M'kupita kwa nthawi, mtundu wa buku wasanduka kunadetsa chidwi ndi nkhani. Panopa Almanac - magazini muli wosiyana ndi kudziwa zomwe ali ndi chidwi panopa. Zikupezeka zopereka ndi mtundu wa buku limene deta zogwirizana ndi ofalitsidwa chaka chilichonse. almanacs awa amatchedwa annuals. Kutchulidwa odziwika bwino mtundu - ndi "Almanac wa Mura akale", anakhazikitsidwa mu 1970 ndi Francis Moore. Komabe, wotchuka kwambiri, choyamba Ulaya kenako m'mayiko ena, anayamba ntchito anthologies zolembalemba. Iwo anaonekera mu zaka za m'ma 18 ku France. Munthu woyamba kumasulidwa ku Paris (1746-1833) «L'Almanach des Muses». Mu Germany unakhala wotchuka Almanac «Musenalmanach», yomwe inafalitsidwa mu Gottingen mu 1770-1807 gg. Kenako anaonekera «Musen-Almanach», limene Schiller lofalitsidwa ndakatulo ake lofalitsidwa (1796-1800).

Almanac ku Russia

Choyamba lofalitsidwa mu Almanac Russian - magulu "anodes" N. M. Karamzina, olengedwa mwa zaka za m'ma 18 mochedwa potsanzira atolankhani kumadzulo. Mu 1920-1830-ntchentche mu Russia anagwera anthologies zoposa makumi awiri. A. S. Pushkin amatchedwa "Almanashnik" mtundu wapadera ofalitsa. Nthawi zina, abwenzi ndi adani a ndakatulo kwambiri opangidwa ndi mndandanda wa anthologies zolembalemba. Almanac "kumalo ozizira Star" (3 mabuku, 1823-1825 gg.) Lofalitsidwa K. F. Ryleevym ndi A. A. Bestuzhevym, ndi nawo olemba ngati otchuka monga V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Griboedov, FV Bulgarin, I. A. Krylov, A. S. Pushkin, PA Vyazemsky, F. N. Glinka, VK Kyuhelbekker, EA Baratynsky. Collection "Mnemosyne" (1824-1825 gg.) Anatsutsana Mabaibulo anayi, zinabala VK Kyuhelbekker ndi V. F. Odoevsky. Anthology "Kumpoto Maluwa" anatuluka 1824 ndi 1831 motsogozedwa ndi O. M. Somova ndi A. A. Delviga. Patapita zaka zambiri, m'zaka za m'ma 20 Symbolists ayamba kutulutsa zosonkhanitsira mabuku a dzina lomweli. Kusinthidwa "Kumpoto Maluwa" anayima Mabaibulo zisanu - mu 1901-1904 ndi 1911.

Almanac zamakono

Today Almanac - magulu chidwi osiyana. Zingabweretse chidwi chilichonse mitu owerenga. Writers amakonda kufalitsa ntchito zawo m'magulu ndi amangosankha anakhazikitsa. Chitsanzo ndi lodziwika bwino zolembalemba Almanac "Metropol", anamasulidwa mabaibulo 12 mu 1979 mu Moscow njira samizdat. Kuthandiza pa izi kumasulidwa zosonkhanitsira osadulamo zoipa anatenga Bella Akhmadulina, Evgeniy Reyn, Andrei Voznesensky, Vladimir Vysotsky, Yuri Kublanovsky, Henry Sapgir, Yuz Aleshkovsky Yuri Kurabchievsky ndi ena simunamulandire kwa atolankhani boma. olemba Recalcitrant ku Soviet Union anakumana onse a kuvutitsidwa kabuku "mzinda" watengedwa mu United States ndipo anagawira kumeneko kusindikizidwanso, ndipo Vasily Aksenov zafotokozedwa nkhani mu buku lake "Nena tchizi".

Almanac "Islam mu dziko lamakono" odzipereka kwa mavuto achipembedzo ndi umoyo ndale za mayiko Muslim, ndi alembedwe pakompyuta ndi pa pepala. Olemba bukuli kukambirana udindo wa chitukuko Chisilamu ku malingaliro ndale, a zachuma ndiponso madera.

Top Russian almanacs

"Kusaka mipata" - anthology amanena zolembalemba ndi luso anakhazikitsidwa mu 1950. Mu mbiri yake yaitali anapirira zochitika zambiri za zokwera ndi zotsika ndipo tsopano ndi imodzi mwa mabuku akale alenje Russian. Mwa olemba ake odziwika bwino asayansi ndi andale, olemba ndakatulo ndi atsogoleri ndi zisudzo, komanso anthu a kudzinenera osiyana. "Kusaka mipata" - anapulumuka mtengo m'mbiri komanso kalembedwe.

Posachedwapa almanacs anaonekera osati mawonekedwe a zopereka mabuku, komanso pa zowonetsera kanema. Mwachitsanzo, Almanac "Padziko Lonse" - pa TV amasonyeza kuti Radio ndi TV wa USSR anapereka enaake kuti "apaulendo Club". Kinoalmanah ukufalitsidwa pa mpweya 1988 ndi chaka 1990-TH, ndipo mfundo ndi zoseketsa za luso karate, kuyenda, chikhalidwe ndi luso. Choka anali wotchuka kwambiri.

Pomaliza

Choncho, Almanac - mawonekedwe a buku, amene nthawi zonse anakhalabe otchuka ndi zogwirizana. Afotokoze maganizo awo pa mitundu yonse ya nkhani, kufalitsa chilengedwe chake zolembalemba, kapena ndimasewera mudziwe chidwi osiyanasiyana owerenga zotheka mu chopereka. Tsopano almanacs zilipo zosiyanasiyana akamagwiritsa: kusindikiza pakompyuta ndi televizioni.