Economy: Science and Agriculture (11 kalasi). Zitsanzo wa zachuma monga sayansi ndi chuma

Mawu "chuma" wakale chiyambi Greek. Chili mawu awiri chabe: "lamulo" ndi "chuma". Pa kwenikweni maganizo "chuma" ayenera kulankhula za chuma, yomwe ikuchitika kugwilizana zonse ndi malamulo, malangizo ndi malamulo.

masamba a mbiriyakale

Mu Greece chuma wakale zatchulidwa mawonekedwe zachilengedwe - zinali chuma chenicheni. Science ndi chuma mu masiku amenewo okha umalimbana chitukuko cha zachuma munthu. Ngati ife kuonanso bwino tanthauzo la mawu akuti "chuma" mu kutanthauzira wapachiyambi, panafotokozedwa monga "luso la banja."

Kutanthauzira yamakono ya chuma

zaka zoposa zikwi ziwiri kuchokera oyamba a mawu "chuma." Science ndi chuma pakali pano asintha kwambiri. Tsopano lingaliro ili kuika tanthauzo yosiyana. Nanga chuma? Science ndi chuma m'njira chachikulu. Ie Uwerenge zinthu zonse, zipangizo, zinthu za dziko auzimu ndiponso akuthupi, amene ntchito ndi anthu kuonetsetsa zinthu wamakhalidwe moyo, komanso kukhutitsidwa wathunthu wa zofuna zonse. M'nkhaniyi, chuma - sayansi ndi ulimi wonse, munthu ntchito kutukula miyoyo ndi kulenga pakhale moyo thandizo.

Komanso akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati osiyana chilango zachuma zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu, zomwe zimagwiritsa izo. Zitsanzo wa zachuma monga sayansi ndi chuma kutsimikizira kufunika kwa gawo lino kukhalabe pa asapita yachibadwa zachuma pakati pa ophunzira onse a moyo chikhalidwe. Choncho, kufunika kwa chilango chimene n'zovuta Musaone - zochita za munthu ano ndi yogwirizana izo.

terminology

Economics - sayansi ndi chuma pa nthawi yomweyo kapena mukhoza kugawana mfundo izi? mawu awiri monga kulili mabuku English: "zachuma" ndi "chuma". The choyamba ndi chiphunzitso, ndi mawu chachiwiri amadziwika mawonetseredwe chilengedwe cha chuma. Chifukwa kugawikana zimenezi, asayansi anatha kuyambitsa momveka kumvetsetsa maziko ongolankhula wa chuma. Kuwonjezera cholinga maganizo monga dongosolo makamaka chuma, komanso mfundo za dongosolo, ena theorists angagwirizanitse kwa lingaliro ili la mtengo wina. Malinga ndi iye, chuma ndi khalidwe la ubwenzi akukangana anthu chifukwa cha njira kupanga katundu wa ogula kuwombola, kugawa katundu.

Chuma ku sukulu zamakono

The sayansi mwa zipinda anthu, komanso ubale unakhazikitsidwa mu ndondomeko - zonsezi ndi chuma (sayansi ndi chuma). 11 kalasi akuphunzira mfundo wotereyo mu phunziro osiyana. Ana osati kupereka maziko ongolankhula wa padziko lonse ndi zoweta chuma, komanso kuwaphunzitsa mmene kukhala osamala, kuonetsetsa ndalama molondola. Zonsezi angathe kuuza omvera chilango monga "Economy: Science ndi Makampani". Short zili kumene kumaphatikizapo zigawo zingapo zazikulu: tikunena kusintha kunyumba, mapangidwe luso kuonetsetsa revenues kulipira mtchalitchi, kupeza ndalama ndi zovala, maphunziro, zosangalatsa. Popanda kukhala maluso ena a leavers sukulu zingakhale zovuta kuti azolowere kwa anthu masiku ano. Choncho, Inde "Economics: Science ndi Makampani" (kalasi 11) umalimbana kupanga ophunzira kuzindikira mokwanira za zokhudza chuma.

boma chuma

Kuti timvetse tanthauzo lalikulu la chilango, m'pofunika kuganizira bwinobwino. Ngakhale kuti pali "kunyumba" chuma (sayansi ndi ulimi), chinthu chofunika kwambiri - pambuyo onse kumvetsetsa njira izi pa mlingo dziko. Kuchuluka kwa tanthauzo zimenezi zimaphatikizapo, wopangidwa mwa kupanga zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, mwina monga ulimi, mafakitale zoyendera yomanga. Ku Mulingo wa ulamuliro boma ndi omwe si kupanga dera, ntchito kutanthauza anthu amene kupanga katundu wauzimu, chuma zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, thanzi udindo m'munda, luso, chikhalidwe, maphunziro.

Onse ntchito zachuma kudutsa dziko umalimbana kulenga chuma, kusokonekera zawo, katundu ndi kuwombola. Chotero osiyanasiyana ubale pakati pa anthu kuphunzira zachuma sukulu. Science ndi chuma zafotokozedwa mwachidule sekondale. phunziro ili nkhani anaphunzitsa 1 nthawi pasabata pa mlingo m'munsi ndi kuchuluka kwa maola 2-3 pa maphunziro mbiri. phunziro kuyankha mafunso akuti: "Pakuti ndani?" "Motani?", "Chiyani?". Ophunzira kulandira mudziwe zambiri za njira yosamalira osauka, kukonza kuzipinda zogona zawo, ntchito zomveka zachilengedwe.

Economics magawano

sayansi lagawidwa zazikulu, yaying'ono ndi lonse chuma, zokhudza njira zambiri padziko lonse. Yaying'ono umaimira Malo asapita zachuma, amene kugwirizana ndi ntchito zosiyana ndi alimi, mapangidwe olima chitsanzo cha makampani munthu ndi Makampani yaing'ono. Amatanthauza kuti kuli ogula wamba, nzika, antchito, ndi mabanja (mabanja), mabungwe ang'onoang'ono (makampani).

Cholinga cha microeconomics

Microeconomics ndi nthambi ya zachuma amene amaphunzira ntchito za gulu zosiyanasiyana dera zachuma. Kuti amathandiza ogula kumvetsa katundu ndi ntchito zoperekedwa ndi mafakitale, zinthu mwanzeru. Chigawo chino amaganiziranso zinthu zimenezi kuti vuto khalidwe mulingo woyenera makampani munthu pa msika lero kuti kuchepetsa zinthu ndi kupeza phindu yokulirapo ndalama.

nkhani zazikulu za citukuko

Kodi Inde "Economics: sayansi ndi malonda"? Table, omwe akupereka zinthu zikuluzikulu, anayambitsanso ana ndi Kunena mwachidule.

Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira makamaka sekondale kuphunzira macroeconomics. Ndi gawo la chuma, amene amanena za njira kunachitika lonse zachuma padziko lonse. Chuma cha dziko imatengedwa ngati lonse. Monga maziko mfundo macroeconomics akutumikira chuma dziko analengedwa ndi manja a mibadwo yambiri. N'chifukwa chake chuma - sayansi ndi ulimi. Chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe amati kulingalira zogwirizana ndi zofunika nkhani iliyonse boma monga kufufuma, chuma zokwera ndi zotsika, ulova boma bajeti. Akatswiri akuyesera kuti apeze njira zothetsera mavuto amene boma akukumana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, mmene tingachepetsere ulova, momwe imathandizira kukula zachuma, kuchepetsa kusiyana pakati pa dziko lathu ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Mavuto a Economics Modern

chuma Russian akuda nkhawa makamaka funso kupeza njira kuonjezera dzuwa la chuma cha dziko, kukonza kandalama chuma cha boma, mungachite kufufuza kusintha chofunika Russia, kuwonjezera kupanga katundu khalidwe ndi ntchito.

chuma ndi dziko wapadera, wodzazidwa ndi malamulo ndi zopinga zawo. Pali zotsutsana ambiri, koma izo zimatengera nkhani yake bwino kukhala nzika, mwayi wokaona chionetserocho, kuphunzitsa ana timudziwe bwino kufunika chikhalidwe. Ndi yoyenera gulu la chuma zosangalatsa ntchito zinthu adzakhala bungwe optimally ndi rationally. Tikumbukenso kuti si ntchito iliyonse zachuma kuonedwa monga zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, mu dziko wakale ndi Zapakati, panali ntchito yaukapolo wa akapolo ndipo serfs. Kodi n'zotheka kulankhula za kasamalidwe Baibulo monga chuma? Ndithudi ayi. Only kumalo a ntchito potengera ufulu ndi ufulu opanga, kupeza bwino paokha "linanena bungwe" kumsika ndi zotsatira za zochita zawo, kudziwa mtengo wake tidzakambirana moona nawo ndondomeko ya zachuma. Kuti muyenera kupezeka zinthu zimene tikuganiza kuti kuli kuwombola malonda.

Pomaliza

Asayansi ambiri masiku ano, chuma za "sitepe" chitukuko cha chuma. wamba kupanga kunyumba anayamba mu gawo loyamba. Gawo lachiwiri amakhala ndi mapangidwe chuma, ndi chifukwa chake kuli Mlengi iliyonse, pali kuwombola malonda. Mbali yachitatu ndi olemera msika chuma. Njira imeneyi si zomveka ndi kulungamitsidwa, monga angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusiyanitsa kukakamiza zachiwawa pochita zinthu chuma (ntchito "pansi pa kuuza"), kusowa kudziyimira pawokha, osati kutenga antchito kanthu, kapena chuma, omwe alipo pa mfundo za ufulu wa ogula ndi Mlengi, odzitamandira kusankha.

Kodi udindo wa malonda masiku ano anthu ambiri chiyani? Okayikira amakhulupirira kuti si ntchito yofunika kwambiri, yang'anirani kutsogoza wauzimu ndi chikhalidwe phindu zakuthupi ndi zosowa. Koma pali anthu amene akukhulupirira kufunika ndi njira zachuma. udindo wawo, iwo ikuyendetsedwa ndi chakuti phunziro la zipilala chikhalidwe munthu ayenera Denga labwino pa mutu wanu, konzekera, kuvala, kudya. Ngati vuto la zachuma pa enaake amalenga mulingo woyenera moyo, ndipo adzatha kupeza nthawi ntchito aluntha. Mapangidwe boma ayenera kukhala mosalekeza kusintha njira zamakono ndi zida. Only mu nkhani iyi makhalidwe auzimu kubwera poyera chifukwa munthu sadzakhala ndi nthawi yocheza kufunafuna mpata wosangalala zofunika pamoyo. Mapangidwe chikhalidwe zachuma mbadwo wamakono ndi yofunika kwambiri, kotero mu sukulu zasekondale anapereka ndalama chuma (10-11 kalasi).