Stone - mankhwala kapena thupi? mitundu ya miyala

Miyala ya anthu akale anapatsidwa katundu zamatsenga. Iye akhapidziwa kuti munthu wolemera wowona amene ali ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi masoka. M'kupita kwa nthawi, palibe kumanzere. Lero, ambiri zazikulu miyala Mipikisano akuda yowala - munthu wolemera.

Komabe, anthu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zachilengedwe, miyala yachilengedwe. M'manja angathe chozizwitsa chirichonse cha thanthwe zimatengera pa view moona otchuka. Koma chimene chimapanga nkhaniyo mfundo sayansi bwanji? Stone - mankhwala kapena thupi? Kodi tichipeza ndi zimene mitundu sakufotokozedwa anagwiritsa ntchito munthu, ndipo kodi dzina? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Stone - mankhwala kapena thupi?

Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, tiyenera onse kusankha chimene thupi ndi mankhwala? mphunzitsi A mu kalasi lachisanu pa maphunziro a ana zachilengedwe mbiri funso limeneli.

Matupi otchedwa zinthu zonse zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo. Ngakhale nkhaniyo - izi ndi zinthu zimene amapanga thupi. mfundo izi n'zogwirizana. Ngati kumanga unyolo zomveka, kudzatenga pafupifupi motere: Thupi - zinthu - mamolekyulu - maatomu - nyumba zing'onozing'ono anapeka pachimake.

Ndi chikhalidwe chake, miyala - ndi mankhwala a miyala, chunks ndi zidutswa za iwo. Choncho, yankho ku funso lakuti: "? Mwala - mankhwala kapena thupi" - ayenera kulabadira mfundo imeneyi. Komanso dziwani kuti chikhalidwe cha mankhwala a miyala osiyana, thunthu la yomwe iwo amapanga yeniyeni ndi sizili zofanana. Choncho mapeto: miyala - mankhwala ndi thupi ku maganizo a sayansi osiyana.

gulu la miyala

nkhani imeneyi zambiri nthawi yaitali funso lotseguka Akatswiri osiyana kutanthauziridwa mu njira zawo. Motero, gulu la miyala anapatsidwa patapita nthawi yaitali yekha, m'zaka za m'ma XX. Uliwonse dziko, sizachilendo. Pakuti Russia akuti ndi dongosolo zovomerezeka akufuna V. Ya Kievlenko. (1973).

1. Zodzikongoletsera, kapena zibangili. Zitsanzo: rube, safiro, emarodi, diamondi, kulusolito, alexandrite, opal, zircon, moonstone, aquamarine, topazi, tourmaline, krustalo, ametusito, nofeki, chrysoprase, almandite, rozolit, spinel, citrine, demantoid, spodunit, Pyrope. Onse a miyala lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu I, II, III ndi IV kwa dongosolo.
2. miyala Semiprecious, kapena miyala. Zitsanzo: thanthwe Krustalo, sibu, ndi kalikedo, Amber, hematite, Cajon, rauchtopaz, amazonite, labradorite, feldspar, khwatsi, rhodonite, opal wamba, beloporit, heliotrope, ananyamuka khwatsi. zinthu zonse anawagawa Ine ndi II dongosolo.
3. Yokongola. Zitsanzo: nsangalabwi, fluorite, Celine, quartzite, lubwe, Jasper, agalmatolite, gahnite, onekisi dzhesplyait, yolimba, ndege, obsidian, onekisi.

M'njira timapangira, mitundu yonse ya miyala zingagwiritsidwe limafotokozedwa mwachidule mu magulu atatu:

• chachibadwidwe;
• yokumba;
• kupanga.

Gawo oterewa ndi mankhwala, monga zitsanzo yokumba ndi kupanga zinakonzedwa ndi njira zasayansi.

Makalasi miyala, omwe ali pamwambawa, mwa iwo wokha komanso ndi kugawikana ena. Mwachitsanzo, iwo ndi wapadera awo chikhalidwe ndi gulu la dzinalo.

Miyala kwa mankhwala amazionera,

Monga tanenera kale, zinthu mu funso mu chikhalidwe chake - izo miyala. Choncho, kuchokera mankhwala amazionera, mwala - mankhwala. The zikuchokera nthawi anatsimikiza ndi osakaniza oxides zina zachitsulo ndi salt zake.

Mwachitsanzo, zikuchokera onse rube kudziwika ndi emarodi mankhwala pafupifupi ogwirizana - aluminiyamu AL ₂ O _3. Mitundu zimasiyanasiyana chifukwa cha admixtures zosiyanasiyana za zinthu zina ndi kuwala mayamwidwe mphamvu.

Pali magulu angapo a mankhwala a dongosolo chimapangitsa anthu zachilengedwe monga miyala yamtengo wapatali:

• zinthu mbadwa (diamondi - C);
• halides;
• sulfides;
• oxides;
• phosphates;
• borates;
• sulfates;
• feldspars;
• scapolites;
• sadolity;
• carbonates;
• silicates;
• mabomba.

Gulu lililonse, mtundu wa miyala, alipo mitundu. Iwo amatha zosiyanasiyana osati zikuchokera, komanso mwa mitundu, maonekedwe, kukula, chilungamo, osalimba.

thupi katundu

Ku maganizo a sayansi ya sayansi, mwala - thupi ili. Ndipo choncho, izo amakhala ndi katundu, monga kwa zinthu zina zofanana: misa, limatsogolera ndi kuwira mfundo, kachulukidwe, mtundu, kukoma, fungo, ndi zina zotero.

Komabe, ife tonse tikudziwa kuti kwambiri wa miyala alibe kukoma, fungo, sangathe kusungunula, koma zochepa. Mtundu ngati iwo ali zosiyanasiyana kuti anathamangitsidwa mu chimango ambiri muyeso izi sangathe. Phale kuwala wa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi theka-mtengo wapatali kwathunthu ku wakuda ndi woyera kwa buluu, wofiira, wobiriwira, chikasu ndi utoto mitundu yowala.

Ambiri, pali magulu angapo chachikulu cha maonekedwe a miyala, zonse achibadwa ndi opangidwa (kuphatikizapo lofunika).

1. Mphamvu ndi avale kukana. olimba (lubwe) akhoza olekanitsidwa pa izi sing'anga chizindikiro (nsangalabwi) ndi otsika mphamvu (tuff) zitsanzo.
2. Osalimba. Iwo limafanana ndi index m'mbuyomu. Ogaŵikana lolemera - 2200 makilogalamu / mamita ³ ndi kuwala - kakang'ono kuposa chithunzi kuti.
3. Madzi mayamwidwe mphamvu, amene anatsimikiza ndi porosity wa kukonza.
4. Acid kukana. Kwambiri kulimbikira - lubwe ndi laimu. mosavuta anagwa nsangalabwi, kuyambira asidi umalowa mu mankhwala anachita.

Choncho, tinganene kuti mwala - mankhwala kapena thupi lachibadwa khalidwe la m'mene chiwerengero cha maonekedwe ndi mankhwala ndipo ali zofunika kwambiri zothandiza pa miyoyo ya anthu.

miyala yachilengedwe

Kumene, pali zambiri kuti athe kubisa kufotokoza zonse. Koma anthu ambiri kuti ntchito zambiri mwa munthu, yesani kuganizira.

Zikuwoneka wokongola kwambiri ndipo maonekedwe olemekezeka ali mwala lachibadwa. Photo Stonehenge bwino anatsimikizira. Ngakhale ngakhale kuti zitsanzo zimenezi mulibe mtundu yowala ndi kudzawala, iwo tisangalatse ndi ukulu wawo ndi ulemerero.

mitundu

Pali zitsanzo zingapo otchuka a miyala yachilengedwe, amene ntchito ndi anthu mu kapangidwe malo ndi zomangamanga ntchito chifukwa durability ake, kukongola, ndi waubwenzi zachilengedwe.

1. Marble, amene angakhale osiyana mthunzi ndi chitsanzo (laminate kapena mabanga). Kuyambira kale ntchito ngati mwala nyumba mapulani. Kuyambira mfundo mankhwala view akuimira kashiamu carbonate CaCO _3.
2. Lubwe. Ndi mfundo liza apansi, makoma, cladding nyumba, kupanga ntchito zosaneneka za luso (zipilala, zipilala, etc.). Kuyambira mfundo mankhwala view ndi osakaniza feldspar, khwatsi ndi mchere mafic.
3. Sandstone. Ntchito ndi anthu amaika mumsewu mlathowu, kumanga makwerero, atagona pa maziko. Ntchito kuyambira nthawi zakale. Mipweya ya khwatsi ndi feldspars.
4. Travertine. Kwambiri wandiweyani ndi yolimba mwala, nsangalabwi kuposa kuuma. Ndiponso ali wabwino chisanu kukana. Ntchito yomanga pa ndime ndi lubwe ndi za nsangalabwi. Amakhala ndi mchere kashiamu carbonate.
5. Tuff. Wokongola porous mwala, ndithu lotayirira. Izo ntchito kupanga kamangidwe ka minda, akukumana nyumba. Mankhwala chikhalidwe - kashiamu carbonate, mankhwala pakachitsulo, phulusa mapiri ting'onoting'ono basi chiphalaphala.
6. Jasper - wokongola wachikuda mwala ntchito akumaliza kukongoletsa ndi zodzikongoletsera. Ndi chisakanizo cha mankhwala pakachitsulo ndipo oxides chitsulo.

Pali ngati miyala wamba ngati slate, basalt, dolomite, anajambulapo, ndi ena, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito mu ntchito yomanga ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu. mwala Natural, zithunzi zimene Tingaone m'nkhani, wina zakuthupi lero lotchuka kwambiri yokongola mkati.

miyala yokumba: Gawo

nyumba zoterozo zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu zinayi zikuluzikulu:

• akiliriki;
• poliyesitala;
• khwatsi agglomerates;
• adaponyedwa nsangalabwi.

Mbali yaikulu ya aliyense wa iwo - kuti iwo analengedwa chongopeka ndi munthu, choncho zimachokeradi mu ufulu mawonekedwe m'chilengedwe. katundu wawo si otsika ndi zina aakulu, takovyk zitsanzo achilengedwe.

Munda waukulu ntchito - zotsimikizira countertops, limalephera, kuwonetsera makoma, pansi panyumba zenera sills ndi pamalo ena.

Miyala madzi - mitundu ndi katundu

Nyanja miyala - chinthu chofunika wa ulemerero kwa m'chere zokhala m'malo owetera, mabafa, chokongoletsera mkati mu kalembedwe yoyenera. Iwo ali okongola kwambiri, osiyanasiyana mu mtundu, kukula ndi mtundu, nthawi zonse kukopa tcheru.

Kodi yonse ya nyumba oterewa aliko?

1. Coquina. Natural mwala, anapanga pa zaka ya laimu ndi chipolopolo makombo a anthu m'madzi a nyanja ndi nyanja. Iwo ali yamkaka zabwino oyenera ntchito mu specifications yomanga. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kapangidwe yokongola.
2. Ngale. Zimatanthauza masoka miyala panyanja zomwe ndi mankhwala a moyo shelly nkhono. Ntchito zodzikongoletsera, izo kwambiri anayamikira mphamvu, kukongola ndi kukhalitsa kwake.
3. Miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mukhozanso kuwatcha miyala nyanja, chifukwa iwo kenako kuwasandutsa Chomangika kwambiri, popangidwa ndi mchere Mbali yokhala ngati, khwatsi ndi mankhwala a ntchito yofunika anthu a nyanja - tizilombo ting'onoting'ono. yosiyanasiyana mtundu, ndi zinthu zambiri zochititsa chidwi mu m'chere zokhala m'malo owetera zokongoletsa. Ntchito zodzikongoletsera.

Ie nyanja miyala - analengedwa ndi nyama, anapanga mchikakamizo cha madzi mchere komanso zamoyo.

miyala yamtengo wapatali

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chidwi ndi wokongola miyala - ndithu wapatali. Pambuyo pawo nkhondo, woyamikiridwa, iwo anali kuperekedwa monga chizindikiro cha ulemu ndi chikondi, zinaimira mphamvu. Zinali ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali kugwirizana ndi nthano zambiri, mphamvu zamatsenga khalidwe pa thupi choncho mpaka pano.

Zosiyanasiyana ndi maina

Monga inkatchedwa miyala ya mtundu uwu? Mayina zambiri, monga, ndithudi, ndi iwo eni. Zodula kwambiri ndi odziwika bwino ndi:

• Diamondi - machined ndi opukutidwa diamondi;
• buluu miyala ya safiro;
• buluu topaziyo;
• emeralds zobiriwira;
• aquamarine nyanja yoweyula;
• violet ndi lofiirira ametusito, ndi ena ambiri.

Miyala - mankhwala okongola ndi wapadera kuti kupanga miyoyo ya anthu chidwi, abwino ndi wokongola kwambiri.