Amoniya. Mankhwala katundu, thupi. Ntchito ndi phwando

Njira yokhala ndi maulendo a kumpoto kwa Africa pafupi ndi nyanja ya Amoni ndiyo dziko lodziwika bwino la ammonia. Ansembe akupembedza mulungu Amoni anagwiritsa ntchito nitrode ya hydrogen panthawi ya miyambo yawo, yomwe, pamene imatenthedwa, imatulutsa fungo la ammonia. Iwo ankatchedwa Amoniya, mwachiwonekere amatchedwa ammonia amachokera nthawi imeneyo.

Asayansi amasiku ano sanaphunzire momwe angapangire ammonia mu mawonekedwe abwino, amapeza ntchito zambiri, koma angathenso kupanga chitsanzo cha molekyu wa zinthu zomwe akatswiri amadzimadzi amatchedwa "hydrogen nitride". Makina ochititsa chidwi a ammonia ndikuti ndi piramidi yowonongeka, yofanana ndi yomwe inkawona yoyamba ya kapangidwe ka chinthu ichi ku Igupto wakale.

Mavitrogeni, omwe ali pamwamba pa piramidi imene ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, amapanga ma polar ndi ma atomu a haidrojeni. Atomu ya nitrojeni m'kati mwake ili ndi ma electron, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti apange mphamvu ya ammonia kuti apange ovomerezeka ndi okosijeni a hydrogen, omwe nthawi yawo mu chipinda chokhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ammonia molecule anakhala zifukwa zogwirizana pakati pawo. Zotsatira zake, zizindikiro za ammonia zimasiyanasiyana ndi katundu ndi zinthu za mtundu uwu.

Aliyense amadziwa kununkhira kwa ammonia, kumagwirizana ndi maonekedwe a ammonia, omwe ndi gasi lopanda mtundu, kuwala kuposa mpweya kawiri. Kwa anthu, ndi poizoni, ali ndi kutsika kwambiri.

Ammonia amasonyezanso mankhwala ake, makamaka chifukwa cha awiri osakanikirana. Amatha kuikamo proton, ndipo amachititsa kupanga amonium ion. Mu mankhwala amadzimadzi , ammonia (omwe amadziwika kuti ammonia) ali ndi alkalini pang'ono. Ammonium amathandizira kupanga ma salt ammonium pogwiritsa ntchito zidulo. Mankhwala omwe ali pamtengowu ali ofanana ndi nucleophiles kapena othandizira.

Komabe, ammonia amasonyeza thupi la asidi wofooka ndipo amatha kuchita ndizitsulo, kupanga amides. Amides ochokera ku alkali zitsulo amapezeka powawonetsera kuti ammonia. Mafuta a imides ndi nitrides kuchokera ku zitsulo zambiri amapezeka pochita zomwe zimapezeka mu madzi ammonia. Nitride amapangidwa ndi Kutentha zitsulo mu mpweya wa nayitrogeni.

Amides of metals amasonyeza katundu wa hydroxides. Ndipo mofanana ndi alkalis, mankhwala ammonia a amide salts ndiwo abwino opangira magetsi.

Mankhwala a Ammonia pochita mgwirizano ndi phenolphthalein amasonyeza, kudayira mofiira, kuwonjezera kwa asidi kumapangitsa kuti asatengeke. Kutentha ammonia kumapangitsa kuti zidziwonetsere ngati wothandizira kuchepetsa. Amatha kutentha mpweya, zotsatira zake ndi madzi ndi nayitrogeni. Pamene oxidizing ammonia pa chothandizira kuchokera ku platinum, timapeza nitric oxide, mankhwala a mafakitale kaphatikizidwe ka nitric acid.

Mmene kuchepetsa mphamvu ya nayitrogeni kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka malo achitsulo kuchokera ku zitsulo zamadzimadzi panthawi yotsekemera. Pamene oxidizing ammonia ndi sodium hypochlorite (chovomerezeka chikhalidwe cha kukhalapo kwa gelatin), hydrazine imapezeka. Kuchita ndi zizindikiro (chlorine, ayodini) kumabweretsa kupanga mabomba.

Choncho, mafakitale omwe amapanga ammonia ndi ofunika kwambiri. Zomwe akukonzekera zimakhala ndi mgwirizano wa nitrogen ndi haidrojeni. Icho chimatchedwanso ndondomeko ya Chizolowezi. Chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika, kutentha kumasulidwa ndipo voliyumu yafupika. Mavuto okondweretsa ammonia ndi otentha komanso mavuto aakulu.

Pokumbukira, kulandira ammonia, mankhwala a zinthu zina amachititsa kuti izi zitheke. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kunapangitsa kuti zikhoze kufulumira kupeza chikhalidwe chofanana.