Mendeleev a nthawi tebulo ndi lamulo zodziwitsa

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi kukonzanso amphamvu akukonza malo ambiri, kuphatikizapo zimapangidwira. Zodziwitsa dongosolo Mendeleev, anakonza mu 1869, kwachititsa kumvetsa kofanana kugwirizana pakati pa udindo wa zinthu kumodzi tebulo nthawi, kukhazikitsa ubale wachibale atomiki misa ndi valence mchitidwe katundu.

Domendeleevsky umagwirira pakati

A pang'ono kale, m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, ambiri zoyesayesa za systematization wa zinthu mankhwala. The German sayansi Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner anakhala woyamba ntchito kwambiri pa systematization mu munda wa umagwirira. Iye anatsimikiza kuti chiwerengero cha zinthu zofanana katundu zikhoza kuikidwa m'magulu - wa ku.

Inaccuracy wa zoimira wasayansi German

Mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo umaimiridwa ndi Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner triads anatsimikiza kuti kulemera atomiki ndi zinthu ali pafupi theka la ndalama (zikutanthauza phindu) anthu wamba atomiki la zinthu ziwiri zapitazi wa triads tebulo. Komabe, pakalibe ya magnesium mu subgroup umodzi wa calcium, strontium ndi barium anali olakwika.

Njira imeneyi inali ndi zotsatira za zopinga yokumba zinthu zofanana triodities yekha. Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner anatha kuona kufanana mu magawo mankhwala phosphorous ndi Arsenic, bismuth ndi antimony. Komabe, iye okha Retrieving triads. Chifukwa, sanathe kukhala ndi gulu olondola a zinthu mankhwala a.

Akumvera miyambo yanuyo pa Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner wa ku Inde, sikunali kotheka, lamulo anasonyeza pamaso pa ubale wachibale atomiki misa ndi mankhwala katundu zinthu zophweka.

zinthu mankhwala ndondomeko systematization

zoyesayesa zonse wotsatira ku dongosolo anadalira kufalitsidwa kwa zinthu mogwirizana misa zawo atomiki. Kenako Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner kungoganizira lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri ena. Chosavuta kupanga triads, tetrads ndi pentads (kaphatikizidwe mu magulu atatu, anayi ndi zisanu zinthu).

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi panali ntchito angapo nthawi imodzi, potengera zomwe Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev umagwirira zinachititsa kuti systematization wathunthu wa zinthu mankhwala. Kapangidwe osiyanasiyana tebulo nthawi zinachititsa kuti kumvetsa chosintha ndi umboni wa yosavuta limagwirira zinthu kugawa.

Mendeleev a nthawi tebulo la zinthu

Pa msonkhano wa Russian Chemical Society m'chaka cha 1869 izo kuwerenga zindikirani mu Russian wasayansi D. I. Mendeleeva za anapeza wake wa chilamulo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala. Kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, ntchito woyamba "chikhazikitso cha Chemistry", choyamba nthawi ndi nthawi dongosolo la zinthu m'gulu izo afalitsidwa.

Mu November 1870, iye anasonyeza anzake Kuwonjezera, "dongosolo chilengedwe cha zinthu ndi ntchito motsogozedwa ndi makhalidwe a zinthu sanaidziŵe." Mu ntchito iyi D. I. Mendeleev koyamba anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "chilamulo nthawi". Dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu zochokera m'chilamulo nthawi amasonyeza kuli kotheka zinthu yosavuta sanatsegule ndi momveka bwino katundu wawo.

Kusintha ndi mfundo zofotokoza

Chifukwa, ndi 1971 lamulo zodziwitsa ndi dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu za Mendeleyev akhala kusinthidwa wodzilemekeza ndiponso mwa sayansi Russian.

Nkhani yomaliza "chilamulo nthawi ya zinthu zimachitikira" wasayansi akonzedwa tanthauzo la chilamulo nthawi, umene umati maonekedwe a matupi yosavuta, katundu wa mankhwala, ndipo iwo amapanga matupi zovuta kudalira mwachindunji atsimikiziridwa malinga ndi kulemera atomiki.

Chinachake kenako mu 1872, kapangidwe ka tebulo nthawi wakhala reorganized mu mawonekedwe chakale (yochepa nthawi akafuna yogawa).

Mosiyana akalambula zake, sayansi Russian kwathunthu anapanga tebulo, anayambitsa mfundo zonse za kulemera kwa ma atomu a zinthu mankhwala a.

zinthu khalidwe la tebulo zodziwitsa ndi malamulo anachokera asiya asayansi pofotokoza katundu wa zinthu koma kuti apeza. Mendeleev anadalira chakuti katundu aliyense mankhwala zingadziŵike malinga ndi mikhalidwe ya zinthu zoyandikana. Iye ananena kuti ulamuliro wa "nyenyezi". Kwenikweni ake ndi zinthu mankhwala tebulo kudziwa katundu wa amafotokozera anasankha zofunika kutsogoleredwa horizontally ndi vertically ku gome la zinthu mankhwala.

dongosolo Mendeleev ndi nthawi amatha kulosera za ...

Gome la zinthu Mendeleev, ngakhale molondola ndi kukhulupirika, losadziwika ndi asayansi kwathunthu. Ena mwa asayansi aakulu omveka dziko poyera kusekedwa n'zotheka kulosera za katundu wa zinthu sanaidziŵe. Izo zinali kokha mu 1885, pambuyo atulukira zinthu adalosera - eka-zotayidwa, ndi ekabora ekasilitsiya (gallium, scandium ndi germanium), latsopano gulu dongosolo la malamulo Mendeleev ndi nthawi ndiponso akhala anazindikira monga maziko ongolankhula zimapangidwira.

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, kapangidwe ka tebulo nthawi mobwerezabwereza tikonze. Mu ndondomeko ya kupeza latsopano deta sayansi D. I. Mendeleev ndi mnzake lake William Ramsay anazindikira kufunika kuyambitsa gulu ziro. Mu zikuchokera zimapezekanso mpweya osowa (helium, Neon, argon, krypton, xenon ndi radon).

Mu naintini handiredi ndi khumi chaka Soddy anapanga mwatsatanetsatane kuika osiyana mankhwala zinthu - isotopes - mu selo tebulo.

M'kupita kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo mumzindawo ntchito ku gome nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala a dongosolo zodziwitsa anali kuimaliza kukonza, ndipo anaphunziranso tione ano. akuphatikizapo a m'magulu asanu ndi nthawi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Magulu - ndi ofukula mizati nthawi - yopingasa. magulu kumatanthauza magawano mu subgroups.

Malo amafotokozera tebulo limasonyeza valence ake ma elekitironi ndiponso zinthu mwangwiro mankhwala. Mwamwayi, pa chitukuko cha tebulo zodziwitsa izo wapezeka mwangozi chiwerengero cha zinthu za elekitironi ndi nambala yake siriyo. Ndipotu zina wosalira kumvetsetsa mfundo mogwirizana kwa zinthu yosavuta mapangidwe zovuta. ndondomeko monga mwa malangizo iwowo. Kuwerengetsa chiwerengero cha buku ili, komanso koyenera kuti mankhwala anachita zinali theoretically zilipo.

Udindo wa anapeza Mendeleev wa sayansi yamakono

Mendeleev dongosolo ndi njira zake kwa inalamula wa zinthu mankhwala kutumikira chanzeru chitukuko zimapangidwira. Ndi kumvetsa za ubale wa zokhazikika ndi kusanthula mankhwala Mendeleev akhoza molondola kusonkhanitsa zinthu m'magulumagulu monga katundu wawo. Chatsopano tebulo la zinthu limachititsa bwino ndi ndendende kuwerengetsa deta isanafike mankhwala anachita, akuneneratu zinthu zatsopano ndi katundu wawo.

Oyamba wasayansi Russian yathandiza mwachindunji pa njira zina za chitukuko cha sayansi. Palibe malo zamakono izo sizikanakhala nawo chidziwitso zimapangidwira. Mwina ngati anapeza munthu sizinachitike, lotukuka sizikanam'tengera njira zosiyanasiyana za chitukuko.