Andrea Palladio: biography, amagwira ntchito

Katswiri wina wa ku Italy, dzina lake Andrea Palladio ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka 500, amakhala chitsanzo chotsanzira ndi kuyamikira. Chikoka chake pa zomangidwe za dziko sizingakhale zovuta kwambiri, chikhalidwe cha Palladian ndicho chimodzi chokha padziko lapansi chotchedwa mbuye wosiyana. Mbuyeyo anali ndi kupambana kwakukulu ndi kupeza, moyo wake unali wosalira zambiri, koma unali wogwirizana, monga nyumba zake.

Banja ndi ubwana

November 30, 1508 m'banja la miller wophweka ku Padua, mnyamata wina anabadwa, dzina lake Andrea, kuchokera kwa atate ake adalandira dzina lachiwiri - Pietro, ndi dzina - della Gondola. Nthawizo zinali zovuta kwa ana, osauka sanapite ku sukulu, kuyambira ali mwana adayenera kugwira ntchito. Komanso, mnyamatayu amakhala mwana wamasiye, ndipo ayenera kupeza chidutswa cha mkate mwiniwake. Andrea ali ndi zaka 13 anakhala wothandizira pamsonkhano wopanga miyala. Kumeneko adzalandira chithandizo choyamba pa miyala, adziwe za mphamvu zake, zomwe zinali zothandiza kwa iye m'tsogolomu. Mavuto akugwira ntchito anali akapolo, ndipo patapita nthawi Andrea adathawira ku Vicenza, kumene anakonza wophunzira kuti azichita masewero otchuka ojambula zithunzi. Kotero iye akugwera mu bwalo la anthu omwe ati adziwire tsogolo lake.

Kukhala ntchito

Poyamba, ankadziwa bwino ntchito ya miyala, amapanga friezes ndi mitu. Olemba ntchito amamuthandiza kuti alowe mu gulu la masons, ndipo amapeza ndalama zowonjezera. Ku Vicenza, amatha kupeza mwayi wozungulira anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi luso lajambula, ndipo amayandikira kwa Janjorjo Trissino waumunthu yemwe amapitirirabe ndi tsogolo la mwana wamasiye ndipo amachititsa udindo wa wothandizira komanso wotsogolera. Ndi iye amene amatsutsa kuti Andrea aphunzire zipilala za chi Greek ndi Aroma zomangamanga, kudziŵa chikhalidwe cha kale. Andrea amayesa ntchito ya Vitruvius, komanso zochitika zosiyanasiyana za luso ndi zomangamanga. Akuyenda kudutsa ku Italy, akufufuza, zojambula, komanso ngakhale zipilala zochititsa chidwi zakale zomangamanga, akuyendera Croatia ndi France. Trissino anakhala woyamba kasitomala wa mkonzi wam'tsogolo ndipo adalimbikitsanso kuti atenge dzina lopanda ulemu ndikukhala Andrea Palladio, polemekeza Athena Pallada. Amakhala katswiri wa zomangamanga Andrea yekha ali ndi zaka makumi atatu, koma panthawiyi ali ndi chidziwitso chochuluka pa mfundo zamakono akale.

Mu 1534, Trissino amauza ward yake kuti azigwira ntchito kumudzi kwake, kotero akuwonekera ntchito yoyamba ya Palladio - Villa Cricoli pakati pa Vicenza. Ntchito yoyamba, komanso anthu ambiri omwe Andrea anapeza chifukwa cha chitetezo cha Trissino, atsegule achinyamata kupanga njira yopita kuntchitoyi.

Zotsatira zoyamba

Pazaka 10 zotsatira, Andrea Palladio amamanga nyumba, nyumba imodzi imatenga pafupifupi zaka 2-3, wokonza mapulaniwo amangotenga ntchitoyo, komanso amamanga kumangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a malo. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha ntchito yake Palladio akuzindikira mfundo zake, amatsatira lingaliro lakuti nyumbayo iyenera kuyang'ana bwino, kuphatikizapo gawo ndi chilengedwe. Anaganizira mosamala mfundo za kuyang'anitsitsa nyumba zake, adali ndi masomphenya enieni a tawuni. Kuchokera mu 1540, adapatsidwa malemba angapo kuti apange palazzo, yomwe ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri mu kuunika kwa Palladio.

Mu 1545, wokonza zomangamanga amapereka mwayi wothandizira polojekitiyi pomanganso mzinda wa Town Hall ku Vicenza. Nyumba yachikale inasokonezeka ndipo inasowa zosowa za mzindawo. Andrea amapereka kukonzanso kwakukulu, kumapanga mizere iwiri yokhazikika, kugwiritsa ntchito chivomerezo osati ngati mbali ya zokongoletsera, koma monga chinthu chofunikira cholimbikitsa. Izi zimamuthandiza kuti apange mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi nyumbayi ndikuwonjezera malo othandizira. Kukongola kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zochitika. Nyumbayi lero ndi chinthu chotetezedwa ndi UNESCO, komanso chokongoletsera cha mzindawo. Ntchitoyi imapangitsa Andrea kutchuka, ndipo akhoza kunena kuti kukwaniritsa malamulo akuluakulu.

Mzinda wa Andrea Palladio

Wopanga zomangamanga anali wofunitsitsa kugwira ntchito mumzindawu, koma ndi Venice anali ndi ubale wovuta. Ngakhale kuti anamanga nyumba zingapo zofunika kwambiri kumeneko. Koma iye yekha sadakayikire kuti ulemerero wake udzakhala mudzi wina. Omwe akupanga mapulani ndi okondwa kuti akhale otsogolera pa lingaliro lokonza tawuni. Andrea Palladio, amene mbiri yake ndi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi Vicenza, adalandira mwayi woterewu. Pamoyo wake, adalenga nyumba zam'mudzi muno ndi malo ake okhala ndi nyumba zamakono zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azitamandidwe komanso azitenga alendo padziko lonse lapansi. Msewu wotchedwa Corso Andrea Palladio ndi chiwonetsero cha zomwe analenga. Pano iye sankatha kukhala ndi talente ya zomangamanga, koma komanso kugwira ntchito monga mlengi wa mzindawo. Kuyika kwa msewu ndi malo awiri akuluakulu akukhazikitsidwa ndi iye ndipo wapangidwa kuti azitha kuzindikira zaumunthu. Nyumbazi zimakhudzidwa ndi mgwirizano, kukula ndi kulingalira kwa tsatanetsatane. Vicenza anakhala mphatso yamtengo wapatali kwa womanga nyumba, apa adatha kuzindikira zojambula zambiri, ngakhale kuti ena mwa iwo adakhala opanda malire atamwalira mu 1580. Nyumba zina zidatsirizidwa ndi ophunzira ake. Koma kawirikawiri, mzindawu umasonyeza kukula kwa wopanga mapulani, sizongopanda kanthu kuti munthu aliyense wokonda kupanga zomangamanga amayesa Vicenza kuti awone izi mwachilengedwe.

Nyumba zazikulu ndi cholowa cha womanga nyumba

Andrea Palladio, amene ntchito zake zimakhala maziko a golidi a kumapeto kwa Renaissance, anasiya mbiri yambiri kwa anawo. Pazinthu zake zofunikira kwambiri zingatchulidwe: nyumba ya Rotona, Tchalitchi cha Palladio, tchalitchi cha Venice cha San Giorgio Maggiore, Olimpico Theatre, Loggia del Capitano. Zojambula za Andrea Palladio zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mwambo, kupitiliza kulingalira kachitidwe zakale ndi miyambo. Pambuyo pake, wamisiriyu ali ndi nyumba zoposa 80 zosiyana mu Italy.

Kuwonjezera pa zomangamanga, womanga nyumbayo anasiya cholowa mwa ntchito yopambana "Mabuku anai omwe amamanga" ndi zolemba zingapo m'mabwinja a zomangamanga a Dziko Lakale. Mabuku awa asanduka mabuku kwa mibadwo yambiri ya okonza mapulani ndipo athandiza kwambiri kupanga mapangidwe abwino: baroque ndi classicism.

Chikoka cha Palladio pa zomangamanga padziko lapansi

Ntchito ya Andrea Palladio inasiya chizindikiro chosayembekezeka pa zomangamanga za dziko lapansi. Lerolino nyumba zomangidwa kale, zomwe zinapangidwa chifukwa cha Palladio, zili m'mayiko onse otukuka. Andrea Palladio, yemwe mafilimu ake ochepa amamveka m'mawu awiri: "palladian style", adayambitsa maziko onse a "dzina lako," lomwe silinatchulidwe m'mbiri ya zomangamanga. Zomangamanga za ku Ulaya za zaka za XVII-XVIII zinalengedwa mwachindunji cha ntchito za Palladio komanso pamaziko ake.

Palladio ndi Russia

Andrea Palladio nayenso anachoka pambali yake yomanga nyumba zachi Russia. Awiri mwa otsatira ake, Giacomo Quarenghi ndi Charles Cameri, m'zaka za zana la XVII adayang'anizana ndi likulu la kumpoto. Pambuyo pake, akatswiri a zomangamanga a ku Russia omwe adatsatira mfundo za Palladio, amanga nyumba zambiri mumzinda wa Moscow komanso mizinda yambiri. Kuwonjezeka kotsirizira kwa chidwi cha Andrea Palladio ndi ufumu wa Stalin, womwe umatsatira mfundo zake zokongoletsa.