Anthu achimwenye a ku Arctic. Kodi ndi anthu otani a ku Arctic?

Arctic ndi gawo la Arctic Ocean kunja kwa makontinenti ndi nyanja. Ambiri mwa derali ali ndi ma glaciers. Anthu achimwenye a ku Arctic ayamba kale kuvutika kwambiri. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane momwe gawoli linalili bwino, omwe amakhala mmenemo, komanso momwe anthu ammudzimo amakhalira.

Kufotokozera za gawolo

Musanayambe kunena za anthu omwe ali amwenye a ku Arctic, muyenera kufotokoza dera lanu. Potembenuza kuchokera ku Greek, "Arctic" amatanthauza "chimbalangondo". Gawo lalikulu la chilumbachi ndi Green Ice Sheet. Anthu achimwenye a ku Arctic ankasinthidwa ndi chisanu chachikulu komanso nyengo yozizira. Mwachitsanzo, ku Taimyr Peninsula kutentha kumafikira madigiri 50 Celsius. Zima zimatha mpaka miyezi 9. Chilimwe sichitha kutentha padzuwa, chifukwa kutentha kwakukulu kumafikira madigiri 10. Aliyense amadziwa kuti kuli ku Arctic kuti kuli usiku wamdima ndi tsiku la pola.

Gawo la Arctic ndilokhazikitsidwa magawo atatu:

• Shrub tundra;
• Chinthu chachilendo (chonchi-moss);
• Arctic.

Ndondomeko yamtundu

Kupanga maukonde a mabungwe a anthu akumidzi ku Arctic kumakhala zaka za m'ma 2000. Komabe, ndondomeko ya chitukuko inayamba kale kwambiri. Zaka zoposa 30,000 zapitazo, anthu akale anayamba kulowera m'mayikowa. Ndiye zikwi za mitu ya ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe zinayenda kudera la Arctic. Anthu akale ankafika pang'onopang'ono ku Arctic, kuwoloka malire a Asia, China ndi Mongolia.

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za moyo wa anthu akale zidapezeka m'munsi mwa mtsinje wa Yana. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amaganiza kuti anthu oyambirira okhala m'dziko lovuta ankakhala kuno pafupi zaka 37,000 zapitazo. Anthu akale anasiya zojambula zamwala ndi zokongoletsera pamakono a chiwerengero cha mammoth ndi miyala. Iwo amawawonetsera masewera okasaka pa iwo.

Anthu a ku Arctic ndi Amwenye

Anthu oyambirira omwe anabwera kudziko lino zaka zoposa 30,000 zapitazo, akhala pano. Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero, amwenye okhala ku Arctic ali oimira anthu 17 osiyanasiyana. Magulu awa amasiyana mosiyana ndi chilankhulo chawo, miyambo, ziyanjano, chikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe za anthu. Monga lamulo, anthu amtundu wa ku Arctic ndi ochepa. Chiwerengero chawo sichiposa anthu 50,000.

Mndandanda wa anthu okhala ku Arctic unali wolamulidwa ndi boma, umaphatikizapo:

• Veps;
• Aleuts;
• Nenets;
• Chum saumoni;
• Eluci;
• Алюторцы;
• Eskimos;
• Sami;
• Oroki;
• Ntchito;
• Entsy;
• Ulchi;
• Chukchi;
• Kamchadals ndi ena.

Anthu achimwenye a ku Arctic alipo ang'onoang'ono. Malingana ndi kafukufuku watsopano, pali anthu pafupifupi 260,000.

Njira ya moyo wa anthu ammudzi

Anthu omwe ndi amwenye a ku Arctic kawirikawiri amatsogoleredwa. Izi zimaonedwa ngati zachilendo kwa anthu ammudzi. Kusamukira kwamuyaya kuchokera ku tundra kupita ku nkhalango zam'mapiri ndi njira yachikhalidwe. Ambiri, anthu ammudzi a ku Arctic akugwira ntchito:

• Kuweta ng'ombe zamphongo;
• Kusaka;
• Kusonkhanitsa;
• Nsomba.

Njira iyi ya moyo imapatsa anthu a ku Arctic makhalidwe apaderadera. Kudziwika kwa anthu ndi kofanana ndi zikhalidwe zina za Far East, Siberia ndi Far North. Njira yofanana ya moyo imapezeka ku Pomors, Yakuts, Karelians, Okhulupirira akale ndi Komi, momwe moyo wawo umadalira kwambiri za chilengedwe, nyengo, ndi zina. Malingana ndi chiwerengero, pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni anthu amakhala kumpoto. Zaka zingapo zapitazo chiwerengero ichi chinali chocheperachepera 10. Kusintha kumeneku kukugwirizana kwambiri ndi kusamukira kumpoto kwa Russia, omwe cholinga chawo chachikulu ndicho kupeza ndalama zowonjezera. Ndipotu, m'zaka zaposachedwa makampani ochulukirapo owonjezera, kukonza ndi kuyendetsa zipangizo zatsegulidwa pano.

Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwa anthu akumeneko

Anthu am'deralo a ku Arctic adutsa njira yovuta kuti agwirizane ndi chilengedwe. Zaka zambiri zapita kuti zizolowezi za kumpoto. Chifukwa cha ichi, anthu okhala mmenemo amakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa chilengedwe, agwiritseni ntchito zake mosamala. Njira yachikhalidwe yokhayo imathandiza anthu ammudzi kuthana ndi zovuta monga kusintha. Cholinga chachikulu cha anthu okhala ku Arctic ndi kukhalabe ndi zokolola za nthaka ndikuyang'ana zosiyana siyana. Chokhacho chifukwa cha chisamaliro chawo ndi chidwi kwa dziko loyandikana nawo, anthu amtunduwu adatha kusintha zovuta pa moyo wawo. Mwa ichi adathandizidwa ndi miyambo, zikondwerero ndi miyambo, zomwe zidaperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo.

Miyambo

Dzina lililonse la anthu achimwenye a ku Arctic palokha limalemekezedwa ndi ena onse. Iwo adatha kupulumuka ku zovuta zoterozo ndipo akadalipobe. Ndi chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe chomwe chinaperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo yomwe inathandiza kuchita izi. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Kuchita kalendala zamalonda. Asodzi ndi asaka adasankha malo omwe angapangidwe. Malamulo a nyama zogwidwa ndi nsomba zinapangidwa. Malingana ndi kukula kwa chiŵerengero, a kumpoto anapanga katundu pa ziweto zina.
• Kusungidwa kwa mitundu ya abambo a ziweto.
• Chitetezo cha malo oberekera kwa zinyama zamalonda.
• Kuyeretsa malo okwirira, malo odyetserako ziweto, kubweretsa mitsinje ndi nyama.
• Kutumiza chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha mankhwala ndi njira zamaganizo zokhuza anthu. Akulu ndi a shaman anali ndi chidziwitso ichi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, anthu amtunduwu ankadziwa luso lamakono la kuumitsa kuyambira ali mwana, ankachita ndi kuphunzitsidwa. Atakwanitsa zaka khumi, ana adatha kupanga njira zambiri zopangira.

Kodi kusinthika kwa nyengo kwakhudza motani amwenye okhala ku Arctic?

Millenia inali yofunikira kuti anthu akum'mawa azilolera ku chikhalidwe chowawa. Ziwerengero zimasonyeza kuti anthu am'deralo adzizidwa ndi kutentha ndi kuzizira kwa nyengo kamodzi. Koma iwo adatha kupititsa kusintha kwazomweko ku chilengedwe. Anthu kwa zaka amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka kwa chirengedwe ndi njira za habituation. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

1. Thandizo losasangalatsa kwa osowa. Oyandikana nawo-oyandikana anathandizana wina ndi mnzake m'mavuto.
2. Kuyenda. Anthu achimwenye a ku Arctic amatha kusamukira kumalo ena mwamsanga ngati kuli kofunikira. Izi zimaonedwa kuti ndiyo njira yaikulu yowonetsera nyengo ya anthu okhalamo.
3. Kuphunzira njira zatsopano zosamalira zachirengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m'dera la Chukotka anaphunzira kukula mbatata ndi kukweza mahatchi.

Kukhala ndi mavuto ngati amenewa si kophweka. Komabe, a kumpoto amachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri pantchitoyi. Inde, mazira ozizira kwambiri, mausiku a mvula, mvula imangowononga kayendetsedwe kogwirira ntchito, ntchito ya mabungwe ambiri pa nthawiyi imayimitsidwa. Koma zimathandiza dera lopatsidwa kuti likhazikitse ndikupeza njira zonse zatsopano za chitukuko.