Asia-Pacific: chitukuko msika, mgwirizano

Pacific ndi msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo umatha ali kutali ndi kutopa. Komanso, mogwirizana Zoneneratu wa akatswiri chachikulu m'tsogolo gawo a dera ili mu dziko msika kokha choonadi. Tiuzeni zambiri zimene ndi dera Asia-Pacific. Payokha akukhala pa ziyembekezo ndi Mapa wa chitukuko.

Dera la dera

Choyamba, tipeze chimene ndi dera Asia-Pacific mawu malo. Anatinso mayiko amene ali m'gulu m'dera lino amaonedwa kukhala boma, yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa Pacific Ocean, komanso Mongolia ndi Laos.

The lonse Asia-Pacific dera akhoza kugawidwa mu zigawo 4 zizigwirizana mbali ya dziko, kumene States mwawomwawo: North America, ku South America, Asia ndi Oceanic. Komanso, dera Asian lagawidwa awiri boma m'dera: izo North Asia ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.

Mu North America dera zikuphatikizapo mayiko otsatirawa: Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Pica, Panama.

Ndi South America dera la boma ndi: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru ndi Chile.

The North Asian subregion zikuphatikizapo mayiko: China (China), Mongolia, Japan, Korea, Republic of Korea, a Republic of China (Taiwan), Russia. The Asia-Pacific dera, ndi gulu ili zatenga malo aakulu kwambiri, ndipo ndi onse a anthu apamwamba.

Mu subdistrict cha Asia South-East zikuphatikizapo mayiko otsatirawa: Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Laos, Brunei, Thailand. Akatswiri ambiri pano zikuphatikizapo Myanmar ndi Nepal. Komanso, nthawi zina, India muja membala dziko m'dera Asia-Pacific, koma kuganizira choncho likhale la India m'chigawo cha akatswiri akadali yosowa kwambiri, ndipo dziko alibe mwayi kwa Pacific Ocean, ife sitikhala kuona monga phunziro la Apr.

Dera Oceanic zikuphatikizapo angapo Oceania limati, ndipo ambiri mwa ili yaing'ono. Mwa mayiko akuluakulu, onse mawu Kupititsa ndi zachuma, malo ayenera allocated kwa Australia, New Zealand ndi Papua - New Guinea. limati ang'onoang'ono: Fiji, Solomon Islands, Palau, Nauru, Federation of Micronesia, Vanuatu Islands Marshall, Tuvalu, Kiribati, Islands Cook, Tonga, Samoa. Kuphatikizanso ndi m'madera ambiri amadalira, monga Guam, Tokelau, Polynesia French, ndi ena.

Mbiri ya dera

Kuti yeniyeni kumvetsa chimene ndi dera Pacific, m'pofunika wofufuza mbiri yake.

The wamkulu boma mapangidwe m'chigawo tinganene kuti China. Iye mpake chimodzi cha cradles wa chitukuko padziko lapansi. The formations dziko loyamba kuli Zoonjezera mu III Zakachikwi BC. e. Izi zimapangitsa boma lakale la China (Asia Pacific), monga Egypt ndi Mesopotamia - chitukuko kwambiri wakale wa ku Middle East.

Kenako, panali limati kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia (waukulu wa iwo - ufumu Khmer Ufumu), mu Japan ndi Korea. China anakhala gawo limene successively alternated maufumu osiyanasiyana, ndi pakati chikhalidwe ndi nkhani za chuma dera. Ngakhale pambuyo mapangidwe lalikulu Eurasian ufumu wa Mongolia m'zaka XIII, ogwirizana mayiko a kontinenti ku Russia ku Pacific Ocean (zoona, dera la kumadzulo kwa ATR amakono), likulu lake waukulu wa Genghis Khan anachita Khanbalik (tsopano Beijing) Akhapfundziswa miyambo ndi chikhalidwe Chinese.

Russia woyamba adadza kwa Pacific gombe m'zaka XVII. Kuyambira pamenepo zofuna za boma ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi dera. Kale Nerchinsk Pangano yosainidwa mu 1689 - woyamba Chikalata chimene boma pakati Russia ndi China, omwe akusonyeza amasiyana mabacteria pamudzipo m'mayiko amenewa m'chigawochi. Kwa zaka izi, Russian Ufumu kukodzedwa dera ake chikoka mu Far East, zomwe zimathandiza kuti aitane ano Russia chopanda malire mbali ya dera Asia-Pacific.

maphunziro Public kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Africa American, limene, zodabwitsa, ndi kum'mawa kwa dera Asia-Pacific, anaonekera ina kuposa mu Asia. Peru maphunziro "ufumu" wa Cusco, kumene m'zaka XV panali wotchuka Imperiya Inkov, limabweretsa 1197 BC. Aztec ufumu mu Mexico zinkachitikanso ina.

Koma mbali zosiyanasiyana za dera lalikulu, panopa limatchedwa Apr kwa nyengo, zomwe ife tatchulazi adamwazika, ndi okhala kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean sankadziwa kalikonse za anthu aku kugombe la kum'mawa, ndi mosemphanitsa. Mu gulu limodzi la dera Asia-Pacific pang'onopang'ono anayamba chokha chachikulu Hrs atulukira XV-XVII zaka. Ndi pamene Columbus anatulukira America, ndi Magellan dziko lonse. Inde, kuphatikiza chuma mu magawo oyambirira anali m'malo pang'onopang'ono mayendedwe komabe kale m'zaka za m'ma XVI, ndi Philippines anaphatikizidwa Spanish Viceroyalty wa New Spain ndi malo ake mu Mexico.

Mu 1846, pambuyo kulanda wa United Kingdom Oregon, Pacific dziko ndi limodzi mwa mayiko kukula yachangu a nthawi imeneyo - United States. Pambuyo analanda dziko la California, United States lonse amavula kunja kwa Pacific Ocean ndipo posakhalitsa anakhala mphamvu kutsogolera dera mu zaka ziwiri, makamaka zokhudza chuma chake ndi misika. Zinali pambuyo yowonjezera United States kuti kugombe la kumadzulo kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, dera Pacific anayamba kufunafuna mbali ya mgwirizano zachuma.

Koma kwambiri kapena zochepa pafupi ndi mawonekedwe ano andale ndi azachuma wa Asia-Pacific anapeza pokhapokha kugawa atsamunda a XIX atumwi, nkhondo ziwiri dziko ndi ndondomeko ya decolonization. Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Ufumu wa Japan, zochokera mgwirizano ndi Nazi Germany, Ndiyesedwa ndi gulu lankhondo kuonetsetsa malo wamphamvu kwambiri m'derali, koma agonjetsedwa ndi anagwirizana mphamvu.

modernity

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha, monga onse a dziko, mayiko Asia-Pacific kwenikweni kugawidwa m'magulu awiri zandale: ndi zokomera chitsanzo cha chitukuko ndi capitalist. Mu msasa woyamba, atsogoleri anali Soviet Union ndi China (ngakhale kuti anali kulimbana ndi maganizo pakati pa maiko awiri), wachiwiri, kulamulidwa ndi US. anali Canada, Australia, Japan ndi US Komanso, m'mayiko ambiri olemera a m'dera Asia-Pacific a msasa capitalist. Patapita kanthawi zinaonekeratu kuti ngakhale zolakwa zambiri, ndi capitalist (kumadzulo) chitsanzo cha vuto la zachuma wakhazikitsa lenilenilo monga bwino.

Ngakhale anagonjetsa Tikachoka lachiwiri World nkhondo, Japan wasankha chitsanzo Western chitukuko, ndi thandizo la United States, m'kanthawi kutalika kwa nthawi ndi limodzi mwa mayiko ambiri olemera, osati dera komanso dziko pa lalikulu. zodabwitsazi wakhala amatchedwa "Japanese chozizwitsa chuma." Cha m'ma 80 ntchentche za chuma cha dziko lino kuwopsezedwa kuti abwere pamwamba m'dziko mawu a GDP, koma izi sizinachitike chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma.

Komanso, kuyambira 60 ntchentche za m'ma XX, amphamvu kwambiri ntchito zachuma anasonyeza "Zinayi Asian Tigers." Kotero ife timachitcha mayiko otsatirawa: Republic of Korea (Korea South), Singapore, Taiwan ndi Hong Kong. msinkhu wawo chitukuko ndi kuposa mlingo wa mayiko ena Western European. Good kukula mitengo anasonyezanso Philippines ndi Thailand. Koma m'mayiko zokomera, makamaka, Vietnam, Mongolia, Laos, Cambodia ndi chuma Korea North idakula kwambiri.

Utatha wa Soviet Union mu 1991, nkhani zandale m'chigawo wasintha kwambiri. Kuyambira zokomera chuma koyera anakana ngakhale m'mayiko monga China, amene Komabe, monga otsiriza analola m'tsogolo kukhala mmodzi wa atsogoleri a zachuma. kusintha Komabe, si bwino choncho, ndipo panali mayiko ena zokomera kuti aphatikizidwa m'dera Asia-Pacific. Policy wakhala anakankhira mu maziko ku Vietnam. Pali ngakhale ulamuliro anapitirizabe mfundo Marxist, monga China, miyambo ya chuma msika kuyamba. Cambodia ambiri anakana chiphunzitso zokomera.

Utatha wa USSR, Russia wataya malo ake kutsogolera dera, kaya zachuma ndi mawu ndale, koma kuyambira chiyambi cha 2000, kusonyeza kukula kwambiri chuma, makamaka analephera kubweza anataya.

kukhudzanso chuma cha dera chifukwa cha Asia mavuto azachuma wa zaka 1997-1998. "Zinayi Asian Tigers" avutika kwambiri. mavutowo kwambiri anaimitsa kukula. A inatembenuka anali anachitira kwa chuma Japanese. Iwo vuto ili ndi limodzi mwa zimayambitsa kusakhulupirika mu Russia kuyambira 1998. Ambiri mwa mavuto atsopano a m'dera Asia-Pacific inayamba mu zochitika izi mavuto.

chuma China wakhala Nayenso anazunzidwa, koma, poyerekeza ndi mayiko tatchulazi, osati mwakuti posapita nthawi kuyambiranso kukula mofulumira. Mu 2014, chuma China lapita mu malo oyamba mu dziko, patsogolo pa US GDP ndi kugula mphamvu parity. Mtsogoleri pa chizindikiro ichi China adakali pano, ngakhale mpaka akadali wolephera US mwadzina GDP. Komanso, tsopano malonda China kulamulira Asia-Pacific msika, makamaka chifukwa cha ndalama zawo wotsika.

The padziko lonse zachuma vuto la 2008 chaka analinso kungasokoneze chuma cha m'derali, koma si monga zimawononga monga mavuto Asian cha 1997. Choncho, dera Asia-Pacific ndi kutali limodzi mwa madera amphamvu kwambiri chuma dziko, m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mawa kwa America ndi Ulaya.

atsogoleri dziko

Kenako ife kulankhula za mtundu wa dziko panopa chogwidwa m'dera lino, ndipo kodi chuma ndi iwo kuchita.

Popeza kuti dera Asia-Pacific ndi mtsogoleri mu chuma cha padziko lonse, umboni ndi chakuti monga mayiko atatu a m'dera (US, China ndi Japan) chinachitika mu dziko ndi GDP mwadzina. GDP (PPP) Atsogoleri, China ndi United States. Pomaliza amapita ku India, amene akatswiri ena zikugwirizana ndi dera Asia-Pacific. The khumi pamwamba pa chizindikiro zimenezi zimaphatikizapo m'mayiko monga Japan, Russia ndi Indonesia.

Dziko kwambiri ambiri mu dziko ndilo limodzi mwa mayiko Asia-Pacific - China. Pakali pano, chiwerengero cha anthu a m'dzikoli kuposa chizindikiro anthu mabiliyoni 1.3. The khumi pamwamba lilinso m'mayiko amenewa m'chigawo, ndi US, Indonesia. Russia ndi Japan.

M'dera Asia-Pacific ali anayi mbali yaikulu ya dziko lapansi: Russia, Canada, China ndi United States. Komanso, pamwamba m'mayiko khumi monga Australia (6 place).

dera Asia-Pacific mbali ya msika lonse

Ngati tikambirana kuchotsedwa chuma m'mayiko onse m'chigawo Asia-Pacific, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti derali lili waukulu msika dzikoli, womwe, pamene muona zizindikiro zonse chuma m'mayiko monga America, China ndi Russia, msika European panthawi imeneyi sindingakhoze kupikisana. Patsogolo Ulaya, dera Asia-Pacific yojambula linapambana. Akatswiri kulosera ngakhale zofunika kwambiri kwanthawi chonse chuma cha EU ndi m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya kwa chuma Asia-Pacific m'tsogolo.

Tsopano pa msika wa dera la Asia-Pacific kufunika kwambiri mankhwala, kupanga amene umisiri atsopano pakompyuta ntchito.

Mgwirizano ndi Kusakanikirana

Interstate mgwirizano Asia-Pacific dera n'chofunikira mwachilungamo kwambiri mu mgwirizano mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko. Kusakanikirana pakati pa mayiko osiyana a dera lofotokozedwa mu chilengedwe mayanjano zosiyanasiyana chuma ndi ndale.

The lapadera kwambiri awa: andale ndi azachuma ASEAN Organization (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, Myanmar), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (Russia, China, India, Pakistan ndi angapo ku Central Asia CIS), Asia -Pacific mgwirizano (APEC) (maiko 21 mu chigawo, kuphatikizapo US, China ndi Russia).

Komanso, pali mabungwe ang'onoang'ono kuti, mosiyana ndi dzina pamwamba, musati kuphimba mbali zonse za ntchito chuma limati, ndi amakhazikika mu Boma yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, Asian Development Bank imakhazikika mu ntchito gawo ndalama.

The malo aakulu kwambiri a zachuma

Mzinda waukulu pakati pa ndale ndiponso zachuma m'chigawo monga Los Angeles, San Francisco (USA), Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing (China), Taipei (Taiwan), Tokyo (Japan), Seoul (Korea South), Jakarta (Indonesia ), Sydney, Melbourne (Australia), Singapore.

Nthawi zina, mwa malo ndipo anaitana mzinda wa Moscow. Ngakhale ili kutali ndi Pacific Ocean, komabe ndi likulu ndi mzinda waukulu mwachirengedwe yaikulu Pacific mphamvu - Russia.

Udindo wa Russia m'dera Asia-Pacific

kufunika Russia ku Asia-Pacific mgwirizano n'zovuta Musaone. Ndi mmodzi wa atsogoleri a pa SCO bungwe lomwe lilinso China, yemwe ali mmodzi wa ntchito yaikulu kusakanikirana m'chigawochi. Komanso Russian Federation - dziko waukulu kukula amene ali m'gulu m'dera Asia-Pacific. Russia analinso ndi ulemu pakati pa khumi yaikulu chuma dziko mawu a GDP, amene limatsindikanso kufunika kwake ku dera.

Chiyembekezo bwino boma la Russia akusokoneza yowonjezera mogwirizana ndi madera ena a mtsogoleri - China.

Zoneneratu chitukuko

pofuna kukwaniritsa dera Asia-Pacific kumatengera zifukwa zambiri chuma ndi ndale. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi kale zotheka kuti tsopano kuti dera wakhala mmodzi wa atsogoleri chuma cha padziko lonse. Ndipo m'tsogolo izo akuyembekezeka kusuntha malo chuma cha dziko la kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi ku US East Coast ndi malire a dera Asia-Pacific.

Ndi 2030, ku GDP okwana chikuyembekezeka kuonjezera ndi 70% m'chigawochi.

Mtengo wa dera

Asia-Pacific ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zitatu zachuma a dziko, pamodzi ndi East American ndi Western European. Koma mosiyana ndi zigawo izi, bizinesi kuti pang'ono ndi pang'ono anayamba kuchepa, Asia-Pacific, mosiyana, ndi malo zingamuthandize kwambiri komwe kusunthira njira yaikulu zachuma.

Akatswiri ambiri, ndi dera Asia-Pacific ndi pakati, amene posachedwapa adzakhala kwathunthu kulamulira zachuma.