Asidi acetic

Kapena organic monobasic carboxylic asidi, molekyulu limene lili maatomu mpweya awiri ndi carboxyl gulu (nalo dzina lake chifukwa tichipeza magulu carbonyl ndi carboxyl), wotchedwa ethane (by fanizo la alkane ndi nambalayi maatomu mpweya) kapena asidi acetic. Iye, monga anthu onse m'munsi aliphatic a kalasi ya mankhwala organic, ali ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala. mankhwala chilinganizo ake akhoza kulembedwa monga: CH3COOH. Pa yozungulira zinthu madzi colorless. Kachulukidwe - 1,05 g / cm³. Molar misa ndi wofanana 60,05 g / mol. Lingasungunuke pa kutentha 16,75 ° C (m'munsimu makhiristo solidified ofanana ayezi, wotchedwa ayezi). Zithupsa pa kutentha 118,1 ° C. The index refractive ndi wofanana 1.372.

Oimira gulu ili la mankhwala organic ndi yochepa kuposa acid amathiridwa kapena sulfuric, koma poyerekeza ndi asidi carbonic, ovuta kwambiri ndi asidi acetic. The katundu mankhwala anatsimikiza ndi mamembala a mamolekyulu ndi carbonyl ndi magulu hydroxyl. Amachititsa kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake kuti katundu mankhwala chuma chokha Pamlingo yaing'ono amatikumbutsa katundu wa mankhwala carbonyl (aldehydes, amides, ketones, esters) kapena alcohols. Ionization amapezeka kulumikizana O-H chifukwa kukoka ma elekitironi carbonyl gulu. Choncho, mogwirizana ndi zosavuta kwambiri dissociate kuposa alcohols. The kusamuka kwa ma elekitironi ku gulu hydroxyl kuti carbonyl ndi pang'ono amachepetsa mpweya atomu a mtengo zabwino, limapangitsa kuti aukire ndi nucleophile a. Choncho, zinthu zambiri zimavuta mosavuta ndi mankhwala carbonyl samva ndi CH3COOH.

Pamlingo yaing'ono asidi acetic akhoza dissociate kupanga ayoni wa hydrogen: CH3COOH + H2O ↔ CH3CO2ˉ + H3O +. Iwo amakhala ndi neutralization ndi zapansi, zomwe zinachititsa mapangidwe mchere: NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O . Carboxylic asidi salt zambiri madzi sungunuka. Mbali imeneyi facilitates m'zigawo ku zinthu zachilengedwe. Choncho asidi m'gulu la anthu oyamba olekanitsidwa mankhwala organic. Mwachitsanzo, ethane anali kuwapeza vinyo wowawasa. Strong kumangidwaku wa hydrogen anapanga pakati mamolekyulu wa CH3COOH, potero mu mankhwala ndiponso ndi mu gawo gasi, zinakhalapo monga dimer a.

asidi acetic ndi madzi ndi miscible mu kufanana onse. Chingasinthe katundu wake malinga ndende. Amtengo aukali kwa zitsulo, kuphatikizapo chitsulo, magnesium ndi nthaka. Akamatere hydrogen ndi mchere otchedwa acetates: MG + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO) 2Mg + H2 ↑. Popeza zotayidwa ndipamene asidi zosagwira passivation filimu ya okusayidi zotayidwa, thanki zotayidwa, pamodzi ndi akasinja zosapanga dzimbiri ntchito zoyendera CH3COOH.

Makampani, asidi acetic amapangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa aldehyde cha dzina yemweyo: 2CH3COH + O2 → 2CH3COOH. Kuyambira makilogalamu 800 a aldehyde anakonza tani CH3COOH. Koma posachedwapa njira yopangira - madzi gawo makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa byuteni ndi mpweya ndi mpweya kutentha 150-170 ° C ndi mavuto 50 atmospheres: CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 2O2 → 2CH3COOH + 2 H2O. Ndipotu, zimene zambiri zovuta kuposa achifundo. Kuwonjezera asidi acetic, opangidwa angapo byproducts. njira izi zonse ziwiri kukankhira kunja (chifukwa cha wokwera mafuta) ndi carbonylation wa methanol: NKHA + CH3OH → CH3COOH. The ndondomeko chimaposa mu pamaso pa chothandizira lomwe ndi mchere wa rhodium, ndi olimbikitsa (activators) - iodide ayoni. Luso la ena tizilombo ndi thovu ethyl mowa, namtsata ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu CH3COOH, ntchito yopanga amuzolengedwa: C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O . ndondomeko ndi zovuta ndi chikuchitika mu magawo angapo.

asidi acetic amapangidwa malinga ndi GOST 19814-74 (kupanga ndi kusinthidwa) GOST 18270-72 (mkulu chiyero) ndi GOST 61-75 (zotakasika). Izi ndi zofunika mankhwala reagent ndi mankhwala mafakitale kuti zimagwiritsa ntchito mu kupanga, ntchito mapulasitiki, ulusi kupanga, utoto, filimu ndi ena. Ndi zipangizo za ulimi wa vinilu nthochi zomwe ntchito ndondomeko yodalirika sevilene (monga ethylene comonomer). The ntchito asidi acetic chifukwa katundu mankhwala ndi thupi. CH3COOH salt ali mordants kuti atumikire kwa kukonza utoto pa usasungunuke.

Mu mabanja sitimadzipereka asidi acetic kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wothandizira descaling. Makampani chakudya ntchito pa malamulo E260 chakudya zina monga acidity yang'anira ndipo monga condiment ndi. Chakudya zowonjezera ovomerezeka ntchito mu EU, US, Australia ndi ku New Zealand. Makampani chakudya ntchito mankhwala pickling mu mawonekedwe a viniga ndi ndende ya CH3COOH m'madzi 3 mpaka 15% kapena viniga ndi nusu misa wa chinthu zofunika 70%. Zingapo esters asidi acetic ntchito makampani Confectionery.