Nembanemba - ndi chiyani ichi? nembanemba Tizilombo: kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Nature analenga zamoyo zambiri ndi maselo, koma ngakhale izi, ambiri a dongosolo ndi ntchito za nembanemba enieni, kuti amalola kuganizira dongosolo awo ndi kuphunzira katundu wawo kiyi popanda ubwenzi wathu ndi mtundu winawake wa khungu.

Kodi Kakhungu?

Nembanemba - chinthu zoteteza, chomwe ndi yofunika zikuluzikulu za maselo a chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo.

Kandalama, ndi zinchito unit wa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansili ndi khungu. ntchito n'kofunika inseparably chikugwirizana ndi chilengedwe, ndi chimene kuphana mphamvu ndi zambiri, zinthu. Choncho, mphamvu zakudya zofunika kugwira ntchito kwa maselo, zichokera kunja ndipo anakhala pa kukhazikitsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka unit losavuta la zamoyo: nembanemba phata selo, organelles, zosiyanasiyana inclusions. Wazunguliridwa ndi Kakhungu, limene lili mkati phata ndi organelles onse. Iwo mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi zida, endoplasmic reticulum. Aliyense amafotokozera ali structural yake Kakhungu.

Ntchito ntchito foni

Kakhungu Tizilombo n'chofunikira n'kufika kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya dongosolo maziko amoyo. Kamodzi selo atazunguliridwa ndi m'chimake zodzitetezera kuti ndiye adzatchedwa thupi. Chotero ndondomeko monga kupukusa chakudya, ndi anagwiritsanso kuyamika Kakhungu lapansi. Ngati structural kukhulupirika kwa ake wosweka, izi zimabweretsa kusintha mkhalidwe zinchito za chamoyo wonse.

The maselo ndi ntchito zake

Amalekanitsa ndi cytoplasm selo ku malo akunja kapena ku mthunzi. maselo zipangitsa kuphedwa moyenera ntchito yeniyeni, ndi kulunjika a ojambula selo foni ndi mawonetseredwe m'thupi amathandiza transmembrane magetsi kusiyana angathe. Izo zolandilira amatha kuzindikira chizindikiro mankhwala - mahomoni, timene ndi ena zigawo biologically yogwira. maselo amenewa kupatsa ndi luso lina - kusintha ntchito kagayidwe kachakudya selo.

Kakhungu ntchito:

1. Timanyamula yogwira zinthu.

2. chabe kulanda zinthu:

2.1. Mayamwidwe yosavuta.

2.2. Kusamutsa kudzera pores lapansi.

2.3. Transport ikuchitika ndi mayamwidwe wa nthandala pamodzi ndi zida Kakhungu kapena kudzera mwa kufala pa kulandirana wothandizila maselo unyolo kutengerapo wothandizira.

3. The kulanda sanali electrolytes kudzera mayamwidwe yosavuta ntchito.

4. Amalalikira mayendedwe a ayoni.

Kapangidwe ka khungu nembanemba

Zigawo za selo nembanemba - lipids ndi mapuloteni.

Lipids: phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol ndi phosphatidylserine, glycolipids. Chiwerengero cha zamadzimadzi ndi 40-90%.

Mapuloteni: zotumphukira, Integrated (glycoproteins), spectrin, akitini cytoskeleton.

Waukulu structural mchitidwe - wachiphamaso wosanjikiza mamolekyulu phospholipid.

Denga Kakhungu: tanthauzo ndi kufanizitsa

Ziwerengero zotsatirazi. Pa gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia monga chuma Kakhungu denga ntchito osati kale. yokoka zosonyeza nembanemba denga la okwana zofewa denga slab ndi 1.5 okha%. More ambiri Russia ndipo analandira bituminous denga utomoni wonunkhira. Koma kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, gawo madenga Kakhungu mlandu 87%. kusiyana ndi palpable.

Childs, Kakhungu monga chuma chachikulu denga la denga ndi abwino kwa padenga. Popeza otsetsereka waukulu molingana ndi mmene wamng'ono.

Kupanga ndi malonda a madenga Kakhungu pa msika zoweta ndi kukula azimuth positive. Chifukwa chiyani? Pali zifukwa zambiri kuposa bwino:

• The moyo utumiki wa zaka pafupifupi 60. Tangoganizani ntchito yokhayo ya nthawi chitsimikizo, chimene chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Mlengi, mpaka zaka 20.
• Easy unsembe. Yerekezerani unsembe wa phula denga amatenga nthawi 1.5 yaitali kuposa unsembe wa Kakhungu alipo.
• Chomasuka yokonza ndi analekezera.

Denga Kakhungu makulidwe kungakhale 0.8-2 mamilimita ndi kulemera avareji mita imodzi lalikulu ndi 1.3 makilogalamu.

Katundu denga zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana:

• elasticity;
• mphamvu;
• kukana kuti cheza UV ndi zipangizo zina wankhanza;
• chisanu;
• moto kukana.

Nembanemba denga ndi a mitundu itatu. Waukulu gulu Mbali - mawonekedwe polima chuma amapanga nsalu m'munsi. Choncho, denga zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi:

• EPDM. Nembanemba cha gulu la EPDM, anapanga pamaziko a polymerized ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer, kapena kuposa chabe, kupanga labala. Ubwino: mkulu mphamvu, elasticity, madzi kukana, waubwenzi zachilengedwe, mtengo wotsika. Kuipa: zomatira luso pawiri webs ndi ntchito lamba wapadera, mphamvu otsika mankhwala. Mbali: ntchito monga kumatira mfundo apansi mumphangayo, madzi, kusunga zinyalala, masoka ndi yokumba madzi Madamu, etc ...
• PVC Kakhungu. chipolopolo ichi, kupanga zomwe monga chuma m'munsi ntchito polyvinyl mankhwala enaake. Ubwino: UV kukana, moto kukana, yaikulu mtundu osiyanasiyana nsalu Kakhungu. Kuipa: pamlingo wochepa kukaniza zipangizo bituminous, mafuta, solvents; limatulutsa zinthu zoipa; tsamba mtundu amaziralira ndi nthawi.
• TPO. Anapangidwa kuchokera olefin thermoplastic. Iwo akhoza pomwe unreinforced. Woyamba okonzeka ndi mauna a poliyesitala kapena fiberglass nsalu. Ubwino: wochezeka, cholimba, mkulu elasticity, kutentha kukana (pa kutentha ndi mkulu ndi otsika), webs welds matabwa. Kuipa: mkulu mtengo gulu, kupanda opanga mu msika zoweta.

Kakhungu ndi profiled: makhalidwe, mbali ndi ubwino

Inasinthira Kakhungu - ndi luso mu msika yomanga. Chotero Kakhungu opareshoni monga chuma kumatira.

thunthu ntchito kupanga - polyethylene. Last ndi mitundu iwiri: mkulu-kachulukidwe polyethylene (LDPE) ndi mkulu osalimba polyethylene (HDPE).

Luso makhalidwe a nembanemba wa LDPE ndi HDPE

chizindikiro	JHA	HDPE
Kwamakokedwe mphamvu (MPa)	13	23
Kwamakokedwe elongation (%)	400	100
Kachulukidwe (makilogalamu / Cu. M)	917-930	948-952
Compressive mphamvu (MPa)	12	20-36
Impact mphamvu (notched) (KJ / sq. M)	-	2-50
Flexural Modulus (MPa)	140-250	600-850
Kuuma (MPa)	14-25	45-59
Opaleshoni kutentha (C)	-60 kuti +80	-60 kuti +80
Daily mlingo wa mayamwidwe madzi (%)	0.01	0.01

The zooneka zakulera wa polyethylene kuthamanga ali enieni pamwamba - dzenje ziphuphu. Kutalika kwa nyumba izi zingasiyane 7 mpaka 20 mm. Pamwamba mkati nembanemba ndi lathyathyathya. Zimenezi zimathandiza mavuto kupinda zakuthupi nyumbayi.

Kusintha mawonekedwe a magawo munthu nembanemba ndi zotheka chifukwa kuthamanga pa malo ake lonse wogawana anagawira chifukwa kukhalapo kwa zolosera chomwecho. Geomembrane angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kudzipatula mpweya wabwino. Pankhaniyi anapereka ndi kuwombola ufulu wa kutentha mkati nyumbayi.

Ubwino nembanemba profiled:

• kuchuluka mphamvu;
• matenthedwe bata;
• mankhwala bata ndi zotsatira kwachilengedwenso;
• moyo wautali (zaka 50);
• Easy kukhazikitsa ndi kukhalabe;
• mtengo wololera.

zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zooneka ndi a mitundu itatu:

• ndi wosanjikiza umodzi wa nsalu;
• ziwiri zimadutsa ukonde = + ngalande geotextile nembanemba;
• ndi atatu wosanjikiza ukonde poterera pamwamba = + + ngalande geotextile Kakhungu.

Monolayer zooneka Kakhungu ntchito kuteteza chachikulu madzi, msonkhano ndi disassembly chokonza makoma simenti ndi chinyontho. A awiri wosanjikiza zodzitetezera ntchito pa nthawi ya pafupi-khoma ngalande. Wopangidwa mwa zigawo zitatu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthaka, chimene chiri amenable kwa chisanu chikhamu, nthaka ndi pansi, ili kwambiri.

Madera a ntchito zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ngalande

Profiled Kakhungu wapeza ntchito mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Waukulu chapansi kumatira. Umateteza odalirika ndi mmene akuwononga pansi, kachitidwe mbewu muzu, subsidence, kuwonongeka kwa mtundu makina.
2. Wall ngalande maziko. Neutralizes mmene pansi, mpweya ndi ferrying iwo dongosolo ngalande.
3. Cham'mbali ngalande mosungiramo mtundu - chitetezo mapindikidwe chifukwa mbali structural.
4. Analogi kukonzekera konkire. Unathandizira pa nkhani ya kumanga ntchito pa erection nyumba m'dera la pansi otsika Nthawi anthu kumene kumatira yopingasa kuchilango capillary chinyezi. Komanso profiled Kakhungu ntchito zikuphatikizapo nontransmission simenti grout mu nthaka.
5. Mpweya mpanda pamalo chinyezi mkulu. Izo zikhoza kuikidwa onse mkati ndi kunja kwa malo a. Mbali yoyamba, makope mpweya adamulowetsa, pamene lachiwiri lili chinyezi akadakwanitsira ndi kutentha.
6. Ntchito inversion denga.

Superdiffuzionnaya Kakhungu

Superdiffuzionnaya Kakhungu zakuthupi mbadwo watsopano, amene waukulu cholinga - chitetezo cha zinthu za dongosolo padenga la mphepo zochitika, mvula, nthunzi.

Kupanga zinthu zoteteza zachokera ntchito zipangizo sanali nsalu, wandiweyani apamwamba ulusi. Mu msika zoweta otchuka atatu wosanjikiza ndi zinayi wosanjikiza Kakhungu. akatswiri Reviews ndi ogula kutsimikizira kuti zigawo zambiri ndi maziko a kamangidwe, ntchito zazikulu wake wotetezera, motero apamwamba dzuwa mphamvu ya malo wonse.

Malinga mtundu wa denga, kapangidwe ka zinthu, nyengo opanga amalangiza kupereka mmalo wina kapena mtundu wina wa nembanemba mayamwidwe. Choncho, iwo kulibe kwa madenga anamanga a zomangamanga komanso yosavuta kwa madenga anamanga lembani ndi kupatuka osachepera, ndi madenga rebated chivundikirocho ndi zina zotero. D.

Superdiffuzionnaya Kakhungu anaika mwachindunji pa zokutira zitsulo wosanjikiza matabwa yazokonza pansi. Amafuna mpweya wabwino kusiyana kumeneko. Zofunika amamangiriridwa bulaketi kapena zitsulo misomali. M'mbali mwa mapepala a mayamwidwe likugwirizana ogwiritsa tepi. Unsembe ntchito ziyenera kuperekedwa ngakhale pansi kwambiri zinthu: mu frosty m'mawa, ndi gusts amphamvu mphepo, etc ...

Komanso, nkhani ❖ kuyanika angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa kanthawi denga chophimba.

PVC Kakhungu: chikhalidwe ndi cholinga

TFC nembanemba - zakuthupi wa denga la zopangidwa polyvinyl mankhwala enaake ndipo ndi katundu zotanuka. Lamakono denga zinthu kwathunthu m'malo phula wodzigudubuza analogs kukhala drawback kwambiri - kufunika yokonza zonse ndi kukonza. Pakali pano, makhalidwe a nembanemba PVC kulola ntchito zawo pa ntchito yokonza pa madenga akale a mtundu mosabisa. Iwo ntchito ndi unsembe wa madenga atsopano.

Padenga la zinthu n'zosavuta ntchito, ndi unsembe wake kuli kotheka pa mitundu yonse pamalo, mu nyengo zonse ndi zinthu zonse nyengo. PVC Kakhungu ali katundu zotsatirazi:

• mphamvu;
• kukhazikika atadziŵa cheza dzuwa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya, ndi pamwamba mfundo potsegula.

Ndi chifukwa cha wapadera katundu wa PVC Kakhungu kudzakuthandizani mokhulupirika kwa zaka zambiri. Akuti kugwiritsa ntchito denga ndi wofanana ndi moyo wa nyumbayi, pamene zipangizo mpukutu denga amafuna yokonza zonse ndipo nthawi zina konse mu dismantling ndi unsembe wa mbewu yatsopano.

Kakhungu pakati pa webs PVC ogwirizana ndi kuwotcherera otentha akuusa, kutentha mu zosiyanasiyana madigiri 400-600 Celsius. kugwirizana ndi airtight mwamtheradi.

Ubwino nembanemba PVC

Ulemerero wa zoonekeratu awo:

• dongosolo denga kusintha kuti bwino limafanana ntchito yomanga;
• cholimba, leakproof katundu ndi msoko kulumikiza pakati pa nsalu nembanemba;
• Wangwiro kusintha portability nyengo, nyengo, kutentha, chinyezi;
• kuchuluka nthunzi ya madzi permeability kuti facilitates evaporation cha chinyezi atasunga danga denga;
• mitundu yambiri ya mitundu;
• moto katundu kugonjetsedwa;
• kuthekera kukhala nthawi yaitali katundu koyamba ndi maonekedwe;
• PVC Kakhungu - zakuthupi mwamtheradi chabwinobwino, lomwe zikutsimikiziridwa ndi zikalata chogwirizana;
• unsembe ndondomeko ndi makina, kotero musatenge nthawi yambiri;
• Zikugwira ntchito malamulo amalola unsembe wa zowonjezera osiyanasiyana mapulani mwachindunji pamwamba pa nembanemba PVC denga;
• single wosanjikiza stacking ndalama yanu;
• chomasuka yokonza ndi kukonza.

Kakhungu minofu

Nsalu Kakhungu nsalu kale kudziwika. Wa anapanga nsapato zakuthupi ndi zovala: akulu ndi ana. Nembanemba - nembanemba thandizo nsalu operekedwa mu mawonekedwe a woonda polymeric filimu ndi makhalidwe monga kukana madzi ndi mpweya permeability. Kwa kupanga nkhaniyi filimu TACHIMATA ndi zigawo lakunja wamkati ndiponso zoteteza. Kapangidwe awo Mzimuyo nembanemba yokha. Izi zachitika pofuna katundu onse opindulitsa ngakhale vuto la kuwonongeka. M'mawu ena, Kakhungu ndi madzi zovala atadziŵa mpweya mu mawonekedwe a mvula kapena chipale chofewa, koma pa nthawi yomweyo mwangwiro akudutsa nthunzi m'thupi kwa malo akunja. bandiwifi Ichi chizathandiza khungu kupuma.

Poganizira onse, tinganene kuti nsalu unapangidwa ofanana zovala yabwino yozizira. Kakhungu ili nsalu m'munsi, pangakhale:

• ndi pores;
• popanda pores;
• pamodzi.

Monga mbali ya Kakhungu wokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa micropores, chiwerengero cha Teflon. Miyeso ya pores izi samafuna miyeso ngakhale dontho la madzi, koma ambiri a tinthu madzi, kusonyeza kuti madzi kukana ndi kuthekera kochotsa thukuta.

Zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuti akhala ali, monga ulamuliro, ndi opangidwa polyurethane. wosanjikiza wamumtima limafotokoza kulekana potozhirovye thupi onse a anthu ndipo amakankhira iwo outwards.

Kapangidwe ka Kakhungu ophatikizana amatenga pamaso pa zigawo ziwiri: a porous ndi yosalala. nsalu koteroko makhalidwe apamwamba ndipo lidzakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri.

Chifukwa ubwino wa zovala ndi nsapato anapangidwa kuchokera nsalu Kakhungu ndi cholinga kuvala mu nthawi yozizira ya chaka, wamphamvu, koma wopepuka, chitetezo chabwino ndi chisanu, chinyontho, ndi fumbi. Iwo n'zofunika kwambiri zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya yogwira zosangalatsa yozizira, mapiri.