Asilavo kulemba mu Russia

Modern Chirasha zochokera Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi, amene nawonso, poyamba ntchito kulemba, ndi kulankhula. Iwo lidakalipobe mipukutu ambiri ndi zojambula.

Culture of Ancient Lazaro: kulemba

Asayansi ambiri amanena kuti patsogolo m'zaka za m'ma panalibe kulemba konse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa nthawi ya Kievan Lazaro kulemba kulibe wotero.

Komabe, kopanda zimenezi n'kulakwa, chifukwa ngati inu mutayang'ana pa mbiri ya mayiko ena olemera ndi States, tikuona kuti aliyense ali ndi boma amphamvu pali kulemba yekha. Popeza Russia wakale anali m'gulu mayiko mwachilungamo amphamvu, ndipo mawuwo chimodzimodzi kwa Russia chofunika.

gulu lina la asayansi ofufuza chasonyeza kuti padalembedwa, ndipo mfundo imeneyi anali anatsindika angapo a mbiri yakale ndi mfundo: ". za mawuwa" Olimba Mtima analemba nkhani Komanso, "M'miyoyo Constantine ndi Methodius" amatanthauza pamaso pa East Asilavo kulemba. Monga kujambula umboni akadali kutsogolera Ibn chonde.

Kotero pamene panali chinenero mu Russia? Yankho la funso limeneli adakali ndi maganizo. Koma mtsutso waukulu anthu zikutsimikizira zikamera wa kulemba Russia, ndi mapangano pakati Russia ndi Byzantium, omwe analembedwa mu 911 ndi 945, motero.

Kirill Ine Mefody: chopereka zikuluzikulu zilembo Asilavo

Athandiza ophunzitsa Asilavo ndi yofunika kwambiri. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha ntchito yawo mu chinenero Asilavo ali zilembo zake, chimene chinali kutali chosavuta mu mkokomo wake ndi kalembedwe kuposa buku wakale chinenero.

Amadziwika kuti aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira awo si ulalikidwe East Asilavo anthu, koma akatswiri amanena kuti zavuta Methodius ndi Cyril anapereka tokha cholinga. Mau oyamba maganizo ake sitikanati kukuza osiyanasiyana zofuna zawo, komanso wosalira kugwiritsa ntchito East Asilavo chikhalidwe wosalira chinenero.

M'zaka khumi mabuku ndi miyoyo ya Choonadi ikulu m'dera la Russia, kumene iwo anayamba kusangalala wabwino. Atanena izi ofufuza za zimachitika zikamera kulemba Russia, zilembo Asilavo.

Russia kuyambira kumayambiriro a zilembo chinenero chawo

Ngakhale mfundo zonsezi, ofufuza ena kuyesa kuonetsa kuti zilembo za Choonadi anaonekera mu nthawi ya Kievan Yairo, kuti, ngakhale asanalandire ubatizo, pamene Russia anali m'dziko la akunja. Ngakhale kuti ambiri a mbiri yakale olembedwa Chisililiki, ndi mapepala omwe ali ndi mfundo zolembedwa mu zilembo Chigilagoliti. Akatswiri amanena kuti, mwina, zilembo Chigilagoliti monga ntchito mu Russia wakale zinali m'zaka chinayi khumi - pamaso pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity.

Posachedwapa, kopanda izi zatsimikiziridwa. Asayansi ndi ochita kafukufuku anapeza mpukutuwu munali kujambula wa munthu wina wansembe mpumulo. Nayenso mpumulo analemba kuti 1044 ku Russia ntchito zilembo Chigilagoliti, koma anthu Asilavo kuzindikira izo ngati ntchito wophunzitsa Cyril ndi unadziwika ngati "Chisililiki".

N'zovuta kunena mmene anali osiyana pa nthawi ya chikhalidwe cha Ancient Lazaro. Zikamera wa kulemba Russia, monga mwawamba, wayamba kuyambira mabuku ambiri choonadi, ngakhale mfundo, kunena kuti kulemba anali chinthu chofunika Russia zachikunja.

Kukula mofulumira Asilavo Literature: ubatizo wa m'dziko lachikunja

Luso kudya chitukuko ya East Asilavo anthu anayamba kulemba pambuyo ubatizo wa Yairo, pamene panali chinenero mu Russia. Mu 988, pamene Prince Vladimir Chikristu mu Russia, ana amaonedwa apamwamba m'dera adayambanso kuphunzitsa pambali pa mabuku enieni. Inali pa nthawi yomweyo, pali mabuku achipembedzo, kulemba, mawu amene analembedwa pa loko yamphamvu, pamsonkhano mawu olembedwa, zomwe blacksmiths kumenya kuti ndi malupanga. Pa zisindikizo Kalonga kuoneka malemba.

Komanso, n'kofunika kuona kuti pali nthano ndalama ndi zolemba kuti ntchito Prince Vladimir, Svyatopolk ndi Jaroslav.

A 1030 phindu ambiri ntchito birch khungwa.

Woyamba nkhani zolembedwa: birchbark mipukutu ndi mabuku

Zolembedwa oyamba kulembedwa pa kujambula zitsulo birch khungwa. Zimene ndi kulemba ndi olembedwa pa mpukutu ka makungwa birch.

Wapadera chakuti iwo adakali kuima lero. Pakuti ofufuza kafukufukuyu Nkofunika: kuwonjezera chakuti chifukwa cha udzatha amenewa amapezeka mbali ya chinenero Asilavo, kulemba birch makungwa amatha kulankhula za nkhani yofunika imene inachitika pa khumi kwa zaka khumi ndi. zochitika akhala chinthu chofunika phunziro la mbiri ya Russia wakale.

Kuwonjezera pa chikhalidwe Asilavo, makungwa birch ankagwiritsa ntchito mwa maiko ena zikhalidwe.

Pa mfundo imeneyi miyala ya mapepala ambiri birchbark, lolembedwa ndi Okhulupirira Old. Komanso, mkubwela kwa Berestovoy "pepala", anthu aphunzira stratify makungwa birch. kupezeka anali kutsogolera kulemba mabuku pa makungwa birch. Asilavo olembedwa chinenero mu Russia wakhala koposa otukuka.

A dalitso kwa ofufuza ndi azambiriyakale

Kalata yoyamba, Berestovoy pa mapepala, omwe anapezeka ku Russia, ankakhala mu mzinda wa Novgorod Wamkulu. Onse amene afufuza mbiri mukudziwa kuti mzinda uno anali kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha Russia.

A siteji latsopano mu chitukuko cha chinenero: Chisipanyali kupambana yaikulu

amadza yaikulu chinenero mu Russia anali Kumwera Asilavo.

Prince Vladimir mu Russia anayamba kumasulira mabuku ndi makalata ku zinenero South Asilavo. Ndipo pa Prince Yaroslav Wanzeru chinayamba chinenero zolembalemba, chifukwa panali chotero mtundu wanyimbo zolembalemba monga mabuku mpingo.

Kwambiri kuti chinenero akale ankatha kumasulira malemba zilankhulo. The loyamba kumasuliridwa (mabuku), amene anabwera kuchokera ku magulu West European, anali kusinthika kuchokera Greek. Chinali chinenero Greek m'njira zambiri zasintha chikhalidwe cha chinenero cha Chirasha. mawu ambiri ngongole ndi zambiri ntchito m'mabuku, ngakhale mu zolemba chomwecho chimene mpingo.

Ndi panthawi imeneyi anayamba kusintha chikhalidwe cha Russia, amene akulemba zovuta.

Kusintha kwa Peter Wamkulu, pa njira chinenero losavuta

Ndi kubera Peter, amene kusintha kapangidwe ka anthu onse Russian, ngakhale m'chilankhulo cha chikhalidwe, kusinthidwa kwambiri apangidwa. Zikamera lolembapo kalelo mu Russia yomweyo kobvuta kale zovuta chinenero Asilavo. Mu 1708, Petr Veliky anayambitsa otchedwa "wosasintha yapachiweniweni." Kale mu 1710 Peter Ineyo pandekha kuwunikira lililonse kalata ya chinenero cha Chirasha, kenako ndi zilembo latsopano analengedwa. Zilembo kwadziwika ndi chosavuta ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Russian wolamulira ankafuna wosalira Chirasha. Makalata ambiri a anali chabe amachotsedwa zilembo, potero wosalira osati kulankhula, komanso mwa kulemba.

kusintha kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 18: oyamba a zilembo latsopano

Kusintha chachikulu chinali oyamba a kalata chonchi pa nthawi imeneyi, "ndipo mwachidule". kalatayi unayamba m'chaka cha 1735. Kale mu 1797, Karamzin ntchito chizindikiro watsopano "Yo" phokoso.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18, kalata "yat" wataya tanthauzo lake, chifukwa chinachitikira ndi phokoso la "E" phokoso. Inali pa nthawi iyi kalata "yat" anasiya ntchito. Posachedwa nayenso anasiya kukhala gawo la zilembo Russian.

Gawo lotsiriza la chitukuko cha chinenero Russian: kusintha zazing'ono

Kusintha komaliza, lomwe linasintha script mu Russia, kunali kusintha kwa 1917, chimene chinafika mpaka 1918. Iwo anafuna kuti achotse makalata onse, mawu amene anali mwina kwambiri zofanana kapena palimodzi mobwerezabwereza. Ndi kuyamika kukonzanso uku ndi tsiku, mfundo olimba (b) kulekana ndi zofewa (b) anali kulekana mu kulemba kwa zofewa consonant.

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti kusintha wachititsa kusakhutira chachikulu a kanjedza ambiri otchuka zolembalemba. Mwachitsanzo, Ivan Bunin mwamphamvu kusintha chinenero.