Astronomy - ndi chiyani? Tanthauzo ndi mbiri ya zakuthambo

Mwina si munthu mmodzi pa dziko amene sanaganize za mfundo samveka wa kuthwanima mu mlengalenga kuti akalipo usiku. Chifukwa Mwezi umayenda mozungulira Dziko Lapansili? Zonsezi ndi zambiri akuphunzira zakuthambo. Kodi mapulaneti, nyenyezi, comets, pamene pali kadamsana, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani mafunde nyanja zimachitika - awa ndi ambiri mafunso ena adayankha ndi sayansi. Tiyeni tione mapangidwe ake ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa anthu.

Tanthauzo ndi dongosolo Science

Zakuthambo - sayansi ya kapangidwe ndi chiyambi cha matupi zosiyanasiyana zakuthambo, zimango lakumwamba ndi chitukuko cha chilengedwe. Dzinali amachokera ku mawu awiri a Chigriki, woyamba wa kutanthauza "nyenyezi" ndipo lachiwiri - ". kolowera, mwambo"

Kenako tikambirana njira zonse mapangidwe chilangochi. Pa gawo atsopano a chitukuko, kumaphatikizapo malangizo angapo omwe kwambiri.

Astrophysics amaphunzira kapangidwe ndi katundu wa zakuthambo. Kagawo ndi zakuthambo Nyenyezi.

Lakumwamba zimango amayankha mafunso okhudza kayendedwe ndi mogwirizana kwa zinthu dziko.

Cosmogony wakhala chiyambi ndi zamoyo wa chilengedwe chonse.

Choncho, lero, anthu wamba lapansi sayansi ndi thandizo zamakono imafika m'dera la kafukufuku akutali lathuli.

Chinthu ndi cholinga

Mu mlengalenga, likukhalira, ndi kwambiri zosiyanasiyana matupi ndi zinthu. Onse a iwo anaphunzira ndipo zimapanga zoona, nkhani ya zakuthambo. Nyenyezi ndi nyenyezi ndi maiko ndi zimiyala, comets ndi antimatter - Imeneyi ndi zana limodzi la mafunso amene anaperekedwa kutsogolo kwa chilangochi.

Posachedwapa panali mwayi wambiri wa othandiza malo kufufuza. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo kufufuza malo (kapena astronautics) monyadira anakhala mogwirizana ndi ofufuza maphunziro.

anthu Izi walota kwa nthawi yaitali. Buku loyambirira kumasulira - "Somnium", zinalembedwa kotala zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Izo zinali kokha mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, anthu atha kuyang'ana pa dziko lathuli kuchokera kunja ndipo dziko lapansi Kanema - Mwezi.

Mitu ya Astronomy si nkhani zimenezi. Kenako, tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane.

Kodi njira ntchito pothetsa mavuto? Woyamba ndi amakezana a iwo - kuonera. The zotsatirazi mbali anaonekera posachedwapa. Izi kusanthula kawalidwe, kujambula, maofesi Launch danga ndi makina.

Zokhudza nkhani za chiyambi ndi zamoyo wa chilengedwe chonse, zinthu payekha sathabe mokwanila kuphunzira. Choyamba, alibe zokwanira anasonkhanitsa chuma, ndipo kachiwiri, matupi ambiri ali kutali kwa phunziro zolondola.

mitundu ya kuzipenya

Poyamba, anthu akanangokhoza popitilira ochiritsira zithunzi ananena thambo. Koma njira imeneyi wosazindikira anapereka chifukwa lalikulu limene tikambirana ina.

Zakuthambo ndi danga ogwirizana lero kuposa kale. The zinthu kuphunzira kudzera mwa luso lamakono kuti amalola kukhala nthambi zambiri chilango. Tiyeni titenge woyanjana nawo.

Kuwala njira. Baibulo loyambirira la kuzipenya ndi apoyera, ndi nawo zoyang'anira, zoonera scopes, telesikopu. Imeneyi imagwiranso kwa kujambula yatsopano.

Chigawo chotsatira amachita ndi infuraredi cheza kudziwika mu mlengalenga. Atatero, atathana zinthu zosaoneka (mwachitsanzo, zobisika kuseri kwa mitambo mpweya) kapena zikuchokera zakuthambo.

Meaning ya zakuthambo sangathe anakokomeza, kuyambira ndi udindo limodzi mwa mafunso wosatha; kumene tinachokera.

Njira zotsatirazi akuyendayenda chilengedwe kuchipatala Popanga madzi a gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet poizoniyu.

Palinso njira zimene sizikugwirizana ndi cheza cha mu atomu. Makamaka, mmodzi wa iwo zachokera chiphunzitso cha neutrino phata. Mphamvu yoweyula makampani ndi kuwona malo kufalitsa cha zimenezi awiri.
Choncho mitundu ya kuzipenya anthu pa nthawi ino, kwambiri patsogolo luso la anthu kufufuza malo.

Tiyeni tiyang'ane pa ndondomeko ya mapangidwe sayansi.

Chiyambi ndi oyambirira magawo a chitukuko cha sayansi

Kale, mu masiku a anthu akale, anthu anali atangoyamba kumene Dziŵani dziko ndi kutifotokozera chodabwitsa lapansi. Iwo anayesera kuzindikira usana ndi usiku, nyengo, khalidwe la zinthu zovuta kuzimvetsa, monga mabingu, mphezi, comets. Kodi dzuwa ndi mwezi - komanso Zatsala chinsinsi chake iwo n'chinthu chofunikira milungu.
Komabe, ngakhale kale mu heyday wa Chisumeriya ufumu wa ansembe nsanja yaitali ya kachisi anapanga kuwerengetsera zovuta. Iwo analekanitsa kuwala kuonekera kuwundana ndi anazitcha masiku ano amadziwika "m'nyenyezi lamba" apanga mu kalendala ongokhala miyezi khumi ndi zitatu. Iwo anatsegula "mkombero Metonic" ngakhale pang'ono kale anachita Chinese.

Aiguputowo ndi kulimbitsa kuphunzira zinthu zakuthambo. Iwo ngakhale anayamba zinthu zodabwitsa. Mumtsinje wa Nailo ndi chotengera m'chilimwe oyambirira, nthawi imeneyi m'chizimezime imayamba kuoneka nyenyezi Sirius, amene anali atabisala yozizira miyezi thambo Chigawo ena.

Mu Egypt, kwa nthawi yoyamba anayamba kugawikana tsiku mu maola 24. Koma pachiyambi pa sabata, iwo anali khumi tsiku, ndiye mwezi munali makumi atatu.

Komabe, chitukuko chachikulu cha zakuthambo wakale walandira ku China. Apa pafupifupi anatha molondola kuwerengetsa zaka za chaka, akhoza kuneneratu dzuwa ndi mwezi kadamsana, kukhalabe mbiri comets, sunspots ndi zochitika zina zachilendo. Kumapeto kwa wachiwiri Zakachikwi BC kuoneka Observatory choyamba.

nthawi yamakedzana

Mbiri ya zakuthambo timamvera sizingatheke popanda magulu a Greek ndi mawu okonzera zakuthambo. Ngakhale poyamba Agiriki ndi zambiri kwambiri zolakwika, koma m'kupita adakhoza ndiku n'ngolondoladi. Cholakwika Mwachitsanzo, inkakhala chakuti limapezeka m'mawa ndi madzulo Venus ankaona zinthu ziwiri zosiyana.

Woyamba, amene anasamala mwapadera malowa a chidziwitso, anali Pythagoreans. Iwo ankadziwa kuti Lapansi ndi dera, usana ndi usiku m'malo, chifukwa imazungulira ngati nguli.

Aristotle anatha kuwerengera circumference a dziko Komabe, analakwitsa njira chachikulu kawiri, koma molondola kuti nthawi anali mkulu. Hipparchus anatha kuwerengetsa zaka za chaka, ine anayambitsa mfundo ngati Hrs ngati kumpoto ndi longitude. Analemba magome a kadamsana dzuwa ndi mwezi. Malinga ndi iye kotheka kulosera zinthu zimenezi maola awiri. kuphunzira kwa meteorologists athu pa izo!

Latest nyale ya dziko wakale anali Klavdiy Ptolemey. Dzina la mbiri ya zakuthambo wasayansi anapitiriza muyaya. Mwaluso zolakwa, anafotokozera za chitukuko yaitali anthu. Iye anasonyeza amanena kuti Earth ali pakatikati pa thambo, ndi matupi onse wakumwamba chinali izo. Chifukwa Chikhristu nkhondo, kuchotsa dziko Roma, ambiri a sayansi asiyidwa, monga zakuthambo, nayenso. Kodi ndi Milky Way , nanga circumference a Dziko Lapansi, palibe amene anali ndi chidwi kwambiri kukangana za mmene angelo ambiri adzakwera phiri mwa diso la singano. Choncho geocentric chiwembu cha dziko kwa zaka zambiri anali muyeso wa choonadi.

Indian Astronomy

Ainka ankaona kumwamba pang'ono mosiyana kuposa mitundu ina yonse. Ngati ife titembenukira kwa mawu, kuti zakuthambo - nzeru za kayendedwe ndi katundu wa zakuthambo. Amwenye a fuko limeneli koyamba olekanitsidwa ndi wolemekezeka akulemekezedwa "Great Mtsinje wa Kumwamba" - Mlalang'ambawo. Padziko Lapansi, anali kupitiriza kwa Vilcanota - mtsinje waukulu pafupi ndi mzinda wa Cusco - likulu la Inca. Iye akhapidziwa kuti dzuwa, kupita kumadzulo, likumira pansi mtsinje ndipo anapitirira kum'mawa za mlengalenga.

Amadziwika kuti Ainka kanalekanitsidwa zotsatirazi mapulaneti - Moon, Jupiter, Saturn ndi Venus, popanda telesikopu anapanga omwe akhoza kubwereza yekha Galileo ntchito Optics.

Observatory akhala zipilala khumi, amene anapezedwa pa phiri pafupi likulu. Iwo asapasana chimatanthauza malo a dzuwa mu mlengalenga ndi nyengo yoikidwiratu, miyezi.

Maya, mosiyana Ainka, anayamba kudziwa kwambiri. Chochuluka kuti zakuthambo kuphunzira lero, ankadziwika kuti iwo. Iwo adaphola mawerengedwe molondola kwambiri za nthawi ya chaka, mwezi akufufuta masabata awiri a masiku khumi. Chiyambi cha mbiri ankaona 3113 BC.

Choncho, tikuona kuti m'nthawi yakaleyo, ndi pakati pa mafuko "wakunja", zimene ankaona kuti "kutukuka" Ulaya zakuthambo kuphunzira pa mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Tiyeni tiwone, kodi chodzitamandira Europe atagwa limati wakale.

Ages Middle

Chifukwa cha changu cha kusaka mu mochedwa Ages Middle ndi chitukuko ofooka a mafuko mu gawo oyambirira a nthawi ino, ambiri sayansi analowa kumbuyo. Ngati Kale anthu ankadziwa kuti kuphunzira zakuthambo, ambiri amachita chidwi ndi nkhani zimenezi, Zapakati anakhala zamulungu kwambiri olemera. Kuti zokambirana kuti dziko lapansi n'lozungulira ndi kuti dzuwa ndi pakati, kunali kotheka kwa kuwotcha pamtengo. mawu koteroko zinafotokozedwa mwano, ndi anthu onse achikunja.

Chitsitsimutso, oddly mokwanira, anabwera kuchokera kummawa kudutsa Pyrenees. Aluya anabweretsa Catalonia kudziwa opulumutsidwa makolo awo kwa nthawi Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

M'zaka za zana ndi Cardinal Cusa lakhumi iye anafotokoza view kuti chilengedwe chonse ali wopandamalire, ndi Ptolemy cholakwika. mawu amenewa anali mwano, koma zambiri kwambiri patsogolo pa nthawi yawo. Choncho amaonedwa zamkhutu.

Koma ulimi anachita Copernicus, amene aphedwa mawa lake, inaganiza zofalitsa za moyo wake. Iye anatsimikizira kuti pakati ali Dzuwa ndi Dziko Lapansi ndi maiko ena zokhudza izo.

dziko

Izi zakuthambo zokhudza mu kanjira kake mu mlengalenga. Dzinali iwo ali ku mawu achigiriki "mlendo." N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero? Chifukwa anthu akale, ankaoneka kuti nyenyezi oyendayenda. ena onse mu malo mwachizolowezi, ndipo iwo kusuntha tsiku lililonse.

Kodi amasiyana zinthu zina m'chilengedwe chonse? Choyamba, mayiko a laling'ono mokwanira. kukula limakupatsani kuchotsa njira yanu ya planetesimals ndi zinyalala, koma si zokwanira kuyamba maphatikizidwe nyukiliya, ngati nyenyezi.

Chachiwiri, chifukwa cha kulemera, iwo kupeza mawonekedwe anamaliza ndi kupanga wandiweyani pamwamba lokha chifukwa njira zina. Chachitatu, dziko zambiri atembenuza mu dongosolo ena mozungulira nyenyezi kapena mafupa ake.

anthu ankakhulupirira izi zakuthambo "atumiki" ndi milungu kapena polubozhestvami, udindo poyerekeza, kuti, mwezi kapena dzuwa.

Wotsatira unali nyengo ya "Ptolemaic view a dziko." M'nthawi imeneyi, iwo ankakhulupirira kuti mapulaneti onse ndi zinthu zina makina Dziko Lapansi, ndipo nawonso, ndi pa pakatikati pa thambo.

Only Galileo Galiley kwa nthawi yoyamba mothandizidwa ndi kuzipenya mu makinawa woyamba anazindikira kuti, mu dongosolo lathu, matupi onse kupita m'njira dzuwa. Imene avutika kusaka kuti aletse iye. Koma choncho Anapitiriza.

Ndi tanthauzo, anazindikira ndi anthu ambiri lero, dziko ndi thupi zokha ndi misa yokwanira kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira nyenyezi. Enawo - ndi makina, asteroids ndi zambiri. Ku maganizo a osakwatira sayansi mu nkhani izi satero.

Choncho, nthawi imene dziko amapanga bwalo zonse mu kanjira kake mozungulira nyenyezi, wotchedwa chaka m'mapulaneti. Malo wapafupi ndi njira zake nyenyezi - izo periastron ndi malekezero - apoastron.

Chinthu chachiwiri chimene ndikofunika kudziwa za mapulaneti, ndi kuti iwo linapendekeka olamulira wachibale kanjira lapansi. Ndiyamika Chigawo ichi pa kasinthasintha kulandira mosiyanasiyana kuwala ndi kutentha kwa nyenyezi. Choncho, pali kusintha kwa nyengo, nthawi ya tsiku, dziko apangidwa ndi mabacteria ndi nyengo.

N'kofunikanso kuti dziko kupatula njira yake mozungulira nyenyezi (m'chaka), komabe zokhudza nguli. Pankhaniyi, bwalo zonse amatchedwa "tsiku."
Mbali yomaliza ya thupi ili m'mwamba - ndi mpita wangwiro. Pakuti yachibadwa kugwira ntchito kwa dziko akhale pa njira akakumana ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zinthu zing'onozing'ono, kuononga onse "mukupanga" ndi kuyenda zachilendo.

Ozungulira dzuŵa lathu pali osiyana dziko. Zakuthambo ali onse atatu a iwo. Woyamba anayi ikukhudzana kwa "lapadziko" - Mercury, Venus lapansi, Mars. Ena anawagawa mpweya (Jupiter, Saturn) ndi ayezi (ureniamu, Neptune) zimphona.

nyenyezi

Ife tikuwona iwo usiku uliwonse mu mlengalenga. Black munda, lili ndi madontho chonyezimira. Iwo apanga magulu otchedwa magulu. Osati kanthu kuti ulemu wawo wotchedwa sayansi - zakuthambo. ndi "nyenyezi" ndi chiyani?

Akatswiri a sayansi amanena kuti maliseche diso pa mlingo mwachilungamo wabwino wa anthu akhoza kuona zikwi zitatu zinthu zakuthambo aliyense hemispheres lapansi.
Iwo akhala anakopeka anthu akuthwanima awo ndi "wapadzadziko" raison d'être. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane.

Choncho, nyenyezi - ndi clump chachikulu mpweya, ena mtambo ndi osalimba mokwanira mkulu. Mkati mwangozi kapena zinachitika kale nyukiliya anachita. Misa zinthu zofanana zimawathandiza kuumba okha mozungulira dongosolo.

Mu kuphunzira matupi awa dziko, asayansi apeza njira zambiri m'kagulu. Mwina munamvapo za "atumiki wofiira", "zimphona woyera" ndipo zina "okhala" wa chilengedwe chonse. Choncho, lero mmodzi wa classifications wosinthasintha kwabasi - kufanizitsa wa Morgan-Keenan.

Kumafuna kugawa nyenyezi ukulu ndi sipekitiramu. magulu zatsopano ali ndi mayina a zilembo Latin: O, B, A, F, G, K, M. Kotero inu mukumvetsa pang'ono za izo ndi kupeza poyambira, Dzuwa, malinga ndi gulu ili, igwera mu gulu «G».

Kodi zimphona izi zinachokera kuti? Iwo anapanga kwa mafuta ambiri m'chilengedwe chonse - ndi hydrogen ndi helium, ndi Mphamvu psinjika phindu chifukwa cha mawonekedwe komaliza ndi kulemera.

nyenyezi athu - Dzuwa ndi yapafupi kuti ife - Proxima Centauri. Ndi ili mu dongosolo Alpha Centauri ndi kwa ife pa mtunda 270 000 mtunda kuchokera Earth kwa dzuwa. Ndipo ndi za zankhaninkhani, 39 makilomita.

Ambiri, nyenyezi zonse anayeza malinga ndi Sun (kulemera, kukula, kuwala mu sipekitiramu a). Mtunda kuti zinthu zimenezi akuti mu zaka kuwala kapena parsecs. Last ndi za 3,26 kuwala zaka, kapena makilomita 30.850.000.000.000.

zakuthambo kwakung'ono, ayenera kudziwa ndi kumvetsa Chiwerengerochi.
Nyenyezi, ngati china chirichonse mu dziko lathu, chilengedwe, amabadwa, kukhala ndi kufa kwa iwo - amaphulika. Malinga ndi Harvard lonse, iwo adzagwa pamodzi ndi sipekitiramu kwa buluu (achinyamata) wofiira (yakale). Dzuwa lathu amatanthauza chikasu, kutanthauza "akakula".

Palinso zofiirira ndi woyera atumiki, zimphona wofiira, nyenyezi variable, ndi subtypes zina zambiri. Iwo amasiyana pa kaperekedwe ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ndipotu, chifukwa kuyaka zinthu zosiyana zochita maphatikizidwe angathe kuyeza sipekitiramu cheza.

Palinso mayina a "watsopano", "Supernova" ndi "Hypernova". mfundo izi si kwathunthu zimaonekera mawu. Nyenyezi - basi akale, makamaka itha linakhalapo kuphulika. Ndipo mawu awa akusonyeza zimene iwo anaona lokha pa kugwa, pamaso pa iwo kwathunthu atathana ngakhale telesikopu zabwino.

Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa thambo ku Earth, m'bulu kuoneka bwino bwino. mtundu anawapatsa maina, kuti analemba za iwo nthano anaikidwa kuti milungu yawo ndi otchuka. Masiku ano, tikudziwa mayina monga Pleiades, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, anabwera kwa ife kuchokera Agiriki akale.

Koma masiku ano, asayansi zigwire machitidwe Nyenyezi. Mwachidule, tiyerekeze kuti tikuona mu mlengalenga si dzuwa limodzi, awiri, atatu, kapena kuposa. Choncho, pali awiri, patatu ndi nyenyezi masango (kumene kuyatsa zambiri).

Kenako tidzaphunzira zina mphindi zoseketsa, amene amafufuza zakuthambo othandiza. Kodi mafashoni kwa meteorites, ndi ena mfundo zosangalatsa - zonse izi pansipa.

chidwi mfundo

Planet chifukwa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, monga mtunda kuchokera nyenyezi akhoza "kusiya" danga lotseguka. Mu zakuthambo zodabwitsazi amatchedwa "wopanda khalidwe dziko". Ngakhale kuti asayansi ambiri amalimbikira kuti protostar izi.

Mbali chidwi thambo liri kuti kwenikweni si choncho, pamene ife tikuziwona izo. maofesi ambiri akhala chakumene, ndipo unatha, koma ali kutali tikadali awone kuwala kwa kung'anima lapansi.

Posachedwapa panali mafashoni ambiri kupeza meteorites. Kodi mungadziwe kuti pamaso panu: mwala kapena mlendo wakumwamba. Funso limeneli layankhidwa ndimasewera zakuthambo.

The kugwa kwa miyala yochokera woyamba ndi lolemererapo ndi zolemera kwambiri kuposa zipangizo kwambiri chiyambi lapansi. Chifukwa zili chitsulo, lili katundu maginito. Komanso lakumwamba chinthu pamwamba reflowed monga pa kugwa, anadwala lalikulu ikukhudzana ndi katundu chifukwa mikangano ndi mpweya wa dziko lapansi.

Takambirana mfundo zikuluzikulu za sayansi monga zakuthambo. nyenyezi ndi maiko, mbiri ya mapangidwe mwambo ndi zina zosangalatsa zimene mwaphunzira nkhani zimene.