Azingokhala Czechoslovakia: history, zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake. Chaka yanyumba Czechoslovakia

Chochitika chachikulu kwambiri mu mbiri ya Ulaya watsopano, kutha kwa Czechoslovakia. The zifukwa monga policheskoy, nkhondo ndi mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo. Zaka nadzawasankhula Czech Republic ndi Slovakia kuchokera tsiku kugawanika kwa. Koma tsopano vuto phunziro la kafukufuku kwambiri kwa olemba mbiri, asayansi ndale ndi akatswiri ena.

.: 1968 kugwa preconditions ndi

Azingokhala Czechoslovakia chinachitika mu 1993. Komabe, chiyembekezo cha chochitika anaikidwa kale kwambiri. Usiku wa pa August 20-21, 1968 kugwirizana Soviet Arima, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary ndi Poland, ndi chiwerengero cha 650 zikwi. Asilikali, inaukila Czechoslovakia ndipo linalanda dzikoli. amangidwe bungwe dongosolo la dziko (Dubcek, Cernik ndi Ufulu) zinalengedwa. Atsogoleri kukhala pa lalikulu anakana mgwirizano. Wamba anayesera kumusonyeza kukana, anthu wamba pafupifupi 25 anaphedwa pakati pa zionetsero odana Soviet. utsogoleri Soviet adafuna adalenga m'dera la Czechoslovakia, boma Soviet-amatidwa. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, kuchuluka kudziyimira pawokha wa Slovakia mmalire a latsopano boma boma, lomwe analengeza ndi isanayambike 1969.

Kusintha Czechoslovakia mu 1989

Pakutha 1980. Czechoslovakia kuchuluka anthu kusakhutira autocracy wa chipani cha chikominisi. Mu 1989 ku Prague ku January kuti September, pakhala zionetsero ambiri anamwazikana ndi apolisi. Mphamvu yaikulu ankadana ophunzira. September 17, 1989 ambiri kulemera wake kugunda misewu, ndipo ambiri anali kumenyedwa ndi apolisi, mayunivesite mu nthawi ino zidzatsekedwa. chochitika anali kutsogolera zinthu. Anzeru ndi ophunzira anapita sitalaka. Union chitsutso onse - "Civic Forum" - November 20, motsogozedwa ndi Vatslava Gavely (chithunzi m'munsimu) anaitana zionetsero misa. Kumapeto kwa mwezi, pafupi 750 zikwi. Of zionetserowo anatenga m'misewu ya Prague ndipo anafunsa yosiya ntchito ya boma. cholinga anali mwaife: amalephera kupirira mavuto pulezidenti kumanzere positi Gustav Husak kutsanzika, akuluakulu ambiri. Events kusintha mtendere wa utsogoleri Czechoslovakia anatchedwa "veleveti zisinthe". Zochitika za 1989 anakonzeratu azingokhala Czechoslovakia.

Chisankho cha 1989-1990.

Post ndi zomwe elites anapanga mbali ya boma asankha njira ya kukhalapo palokha. Mu 1989, kumapeto kwa December, ndi Assembly Federal izisankha pulezidenti wa Czechoslovakia Vatslava Gavela, tcheyamani - Dubcheka Aleksandra. Assembly unali thupi nthumwi polingalira yosiya a ambiri co-optation ndi ndale kayendedwe wa chikominisi "Civic Forum" ndi "Public Against Chiwawa."

Gavel Vatslav mu February 1990, anafika ku Moscow ndipo analandira kupepesa kwa boma la Soviet kwa zochitika za 1968 pamene asilikali a Soviet ikuchitika kuwukira zida. Komanso anatsimikizira kuti magulu ankhondo a USSR adzakhala kudzipatula ndi mapeto a July 1991 ku Czechoslovakia.

M'chaka cha 1990, a Assembly Federal zapita angapo malamulo omwe amalola gulu la ogwira ntchito mseri, ndipo akhala anavomera kugwira wamba amakampani mafakitale, boma akumeneko. Kumayambiriro June, anali kumalo Zisankho zochitika momasuka, imene ndi 96% ya chiwerengero cha adzaponye chisanko. Ndi mwayi odezhali kupambana ndale kayendedwe wakonzekera "Civic Forum" ndi "Public Against Chiwawa." Analandira oposa 46% ya mavoti onse ndipo ambiri a ku Nyumba ya Federal. Nambala chiwiri kwa yaikulu ya mavoti anali chikominisi amene anasankha 14% kwa nzika zonse. Pomaliza anatengedwa ndi mgwirizano wopangidwa mwa magulu Democratic Mkhristu. July 5, 1990 pa zaka ziwiri akuti mu ofesi Assembly latsopano Federal ankakhulupirira osankhidwa Gavela Vatslava ndi Dubcheka Aleksandra (onani chithunzi m'munsimu) -, motero, kuti udindo wa wapampando.

Gawa kayendedwe "Society Against Chiwawa"

Azingokhala Czechoslovakia, unakhazikitsidwa mu March 1991, pamene panali kugawanika mu gulu landale "Public Against Chiwawa", ndi chifukwa chakuti ambiri a magulu olekanitsidwa anapanga phwando "Movement kwa Democratic Slovakia". Posakhalitsa panali kugawanika musachoke m'gulu la "Civil Forum" ndi mapangidwe magulu atatu, mmodzi amene anali "Civic Democratic Party." Nkhani pakati Slovakia ndi Czech Republic anali kupitiriza June 1991. Pa nthawi imeneyo, utsogoleri wa "Civic Democratic Party" yafika kunena kuti msonkhano sangabereke zotsatira zabwino, choncho tiyeni tione nkhani ya "Velvet Kusudzulana".

"Hyphen nkhondo"

The kusintha kwa boma chikominisi mu 1989 ali inapita patsogolo zochitika zomwe zinayambitsa kugwa Czechoslovakia. Atsogoleri ku Czech Republic ndikukhumba kuti ndifotokoze dzina lolembedwa monga mawu amodzi, pamene opponetov awo - Slovakia - analimbikira defisnom kulemba. Kulipira msonkho kwa maganizo a mtundu wa anthu Slovak, mu April 1990 Msonkhano Federal anavomereza latsopano dzina lovomerezeka la Czechoslovakia: ndi Czech ndi Slovak Republic Federal (CSFR). zipani anakwanitsa kufika kukondera, monga Slovak chinenero dzina la State ankatha kulemba ndi hyphen, monga mwa Czech - pamodzi.

"The Czechoslovak Forest"

Pa kuvunda kwa Czechoslovakia ndi mukopedwe zotsatira za zokambirana za nduna zazikulu maboma dziko la Slovakia ndi Czech Republic - Vladimir Meciar ndi Vatslava Klausa. msonkhano zinachitika mu Brno pa Villa Tugendhat mu 1992. Malinga ndi Maulendo a wophunzira Miroslav Matzek Vaclav Klaus anatenga choko gulu nakhala mzere umodzi, kusonyeza kuti pamwamba ndi boma ofukula, ndi pansi - kulekana. Mwambo therebetween yotakata osiyanasiyana chimene chinali ndi chitaganya ndi chitaganya. funso linauka zimene mbali ya lonse wakhala zotheka kuzikwaniritsa? Ndipo malo amenewa anali kufika wotsikitsitsa, amatanthauza "Chilekanitso '. Kukambirana sikuthetsa mpaka Vaclav Klaus sanabwere kuganiza kuti zinthu zimene yabwino diplomatically kwa Slovaks ayi kovomerezedwa kwa Czechs. Azingokhala Czechoslovakia Zinali zoonekeratu. Villa Tugendhat anali chifukwa kuti State Svoge mtundu wa Belovezhskaya Pushcha. zokambirana Komanso sizinachitike imachitika pa kuteteza boma. Zotsatirazi zotsatira za msonkhano zamtendere kuchita oyendetsera dziko yosainidwa, amene anakonza woyenera kusamutsa waukulu akulamulira mphamvu za mayiko a.

"Velvet Kusudzulana"

Chaka akuyandikira yanyumba Czechoslovakia. chisankho inachitika ku dziko mu June 1992. "Movement kwa Democratic Slovakia" wapeza mavoti ambiri mu Slovakia ndi "Civic Democratic Party" - mu Czech Republic. Pali maganizo kulenga konferederatsiyu, koma amapereka ndi "Civic Democratic Party."

The ulamuliro wa Slovakia analengeza July 17, 1992, Slovak National Council. The yosiya wa Pulezidenti Gavel Vatslav. M'dzinja 1992, mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro anthu wapatsidwa kwa Republic. Msonkhano Federal kumapeto kwa November 1992 ndi mavoti atatu chabe linavomereza lamulo, lomwe provoglashal kutha kwa Czechoslovak chitaganya. Ngakhale chidani pakati pa ambiri a Slovaks ndi Czechs, usiku December 31, 1992, maphwando onse anafika chigamulo pa kuvunda kwa boma. Azingokhala Czechoslovakia zinachitika mu chaka, lomwe linali poyambira pa zochitika za ziwiri limati kumene analenga - ndi Slovak Republic ndi ku Czech Republic.

pambuyo kugawanika kwa

State mwamtendere unagawika zigawo ziwiri palokha. Azingokhala Czechoslovakia mu Czech Republic ndi Slovakia Zotsatira zotsutsana pa pofuna kukwaniritsa m'mayiko awiriwa. Mu yochepa Czech Republic anatha anayambika kusintha kwambiri chuma ndi kulenga wogwira mtima msika chuma. Ichi chinali kudziwa chimene analola boma latsopano kukhala membala wa bungwe la European Union. Mu 1999, Czech Republic chibatizidwireni wa North Atlantic asilikali bloc. Economic kusintha Slovakia panali zovuta zambiri ndi pang'onopang'ono, funso inalowa ake ku European Union amadzinenera zosokonezeka. Ndipo kokha mu 2004 kuti adalowa matabwa ake ndi membala wa NATO.