Berkeley ndi Hume ali ndi maganizo abwino

Pakati pa mafilosofi ambiri omwe amadziwika kuti chiyambi cha chikhalidwe chauzimu mu dziko la zinthu zakuthupi, ziphunzitso za J. Berkeley ndi D. Hume zimakhala zosiyana, zomwe zingathe kufotokozedwa mwachidule ngati zenizeni. Zomwe anafunikira kuti azindikire zomwezo zinali ntchito za akatswiri a maphunziro apamwamba a maphunziro a zapamwamba, ophunzira, komanso olowa m'malo awo - mwachitsanzo, D. Kulinganiza kwa Locke, komwe kumati kusokoneza maganizo kumagwirizanitsa kawirikawiri zizindikiro za zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Malingana ndi malo a D. Locke, bishopu wa ku England ndi filosofi J. Berkeley adawapatsa kumasulira kwake pachiyambi. Ngati pali zokhazokha, zinthu zokhazokha ndi malingaliro aumunthu chabe, kubwereza kubwereza, kukhala ndi zina mwazinthu zawo, kugawa zinthu mwa magulu ndikuitana maguluwa ndi mawu alionse, ndiye tingathe kuganiza kuti palibe lingaliro lopangidwa kuchokera ku katundu Ndipo makhalidwe a zinthu zokha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sitingathe kulingalira munthu wosazindikira, koma kuganiza kuti "munthu", tikuganiza fanizo lina. Chifukwa chake, zosawerengeka kuphatikizapo chidziwitso chathu sizikhalapo, zimachokera ku ubongo wathu. Izi ndi zolinga zenizeni.

Mu ntchito yake On the Principles of Human Knowledge, woganiza amagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lake loyamba: "Kukhalapo" kumatanthauza "kuzindikira". Timazindikira chinthu chomwe chimakhala ndi maganizo athu , koma kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti chinthucho chiri chimodzimodzi ndi maganizo athu (ndi malingaliro) za izo? Berkeley wokhudzidwa amanena kuti mwa zozizwitsa zathu timakhala "chitsanzo" chomwe timachiwona. Ndiye zikutanthauza kuti ngati phunziroli silikumva chinthu chodziwika mwa njira iliyonse, ndiye palibe chinthu chilichonse - popeza panalibe Antarctica, alpha particles kapena Pluto m'nthawi ya J. Berkeley.

Ndiye funso likubwera: kodi panali chirichonse pamaso pa maonekedwe a munthu? Monga bishopu wa Katolika, J. Berkeley anakakamizidwa kuti asiye zolinga zake zokhazokha kapena, monga momwe zimatchedwanso kuti solipsism, ndi kupita kumalo a zolinga zabwino. Osatha mu nthawi, Mzimu unali ndi malingaliro pa zinthu zonse asanakhalepo, ndipo amawapatsa ife kuti tizimva. Ndipo kuchokera mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi dongosolo mwa iwo, munthu ayenera kuganiza kuti Mulungu ndi wanzeru komanso wabwino.

Wofufuza wa ku Britain David Hume analimbikitsa Berkeley. Kuchokera ku malingaliro a chikhulupiliro - kuzindikira kwa dziko kudzera muzochitikira - filosofi akuchenjeza kuti ntchito yathu ndi malingaliro ambiri nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku malingaliro athu a zinthu zosaoneka. Koma nkhaniyi ndi lingaliro lathu lodzidzimutsa silimodzimodzi nthawi zonse. Kotero, ntchito ya filosofi ndi phunziro losati la chirengedwe, koma la dziko lodziimira, la kulingalira, la kumverera, la lingaliro la munthu.

Berkeley ndi Hume anali ndi chidwi chachikulu pa kusinthika kwa ulamuliro wa Britain. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu a ku France ounikira, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa agnosticism mu chidziwitso cha D. Hume chinapangitsa kuti Kant azidzudzula. Udindo wa "chinthu-mwa-wokha" wa sayansi uyu wa ku Germany unapanga maziko a filosofi yachi German . F. Chiyembekezo cha zolemba za Bacon ndi chiyembekezo cha D. Hume pambuyo pake chinatsogolera akatswiri afilosofi kulingalira za "kutsimikizira" ndi "kulakwa" kwa malingaliro.