Plato: mawu omwe aliyense ayenera kumva

"Zikhulupiriro - maloto a kudzuka ..." N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Plato - wophunzira wafilosofi woyamba, amene ntchito zake zapulumuka kufikira nthawi yathu, osati muzinthu zomwe tawatchula, komanso kwathunthu. Plato, amene mawu ake ali odzaza nzeru ndi kulingalira, sizinali zopanda phindu wophunzira wa Socrates.

Zithunzi

N'zovuta kutchula tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa filosofi wakale wa Chigriki, koma ochita kafukufuku amasonkhana pa nthawi ya 428-427 BC. E., pakati pa Nkhondo ya Peloponnesi. Zimakhulupirira kuti Plato, amene mau ake akufotokozedwa padziko lonse lapansi, sanabadwire tsiku lodziwika, koma pa tsiku lobadwa la mulungu Apollo (molingana ndi nthano). Plato anabadwira m'banja lolemekezeka, limene mizu yake idakwera kwa mafumu a Attica. Akatswiri ena ofufuza nzeru zakale apeza kuti mwanayo anali ndi pakati popanda chilema.

Mphunzitsi wake woyamba anali Cratylus, koma pasanapite nthawi yaitali adayamba kudziwana ndi Socrates, yemwe adakhala wofunika kwambiri pa Plato. Socrates amapezeka pafupifupi zolembedwa zonse za wolemba, zomwe zalembedwa ngati chiyanjano pakati pa anthu enieni kapena amalingaliro. Mphunzitsi wake atafa, filosofiyo anapita ulendo. Ku Sicily, adayesa kukhazikitsa malo abwino, omwe akungogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anzeru okha, koma kuyesedwa sikungapangidwe korona. Posakhalitsa Plato anabwerera ku Athens ndipo anayambitsa sukulu - Academy. Malinga ndi nthano, woganiza anafera pa tsiku la kubadwa kwake, ndipo anaikidwa m'manda ku Academy. Iye amaikidwa pansi pa dzina la Aristocles ("ulemerero woposa"), yemwe amatchedwa dzina lake lenileni.

Ntchito

Kodi Plato analemba chiyani? Wachifilosofi Wachigiriki wakale analemba ntchito zambiri zomwe zinagwirizanitsidwa ndi "Platonic Corps". Msonkhanowu uli ndi zolembedwa zonse zomwe zimagwirizana ndi dzina la filosofi kuyambira nthawi yakale. Plato mwiniwake sankadziwa bwino ntchito zake, pakuti iye anachita ndi Aristophanes a Byzantium ndi Trassillus. Zolemba zamakono za filosofi yachigiriki yakale zinasinthidwa kwa owerenga ndi Henri Etienne - wafilosofi wa ku France wa Hellenist wa m'zaka za zana la 16.

Ontology

Plato, amene mawu ake akugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri za moyo, anali woyambitsa ndi wothandizira zowonongeka. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu akhoza kukhalapo kudzera m'malingaliro (eidos). Ofufuzawa anafika pozindikira kuti filosofi, mwa malingaliro, amatanthauza osati lingaliro lokha, komanso cholinga chake ndi chifukwa cha kukhalako. Amatsutsa chiphunzitso chachinyengo cha zinthu zonse, akunena kuti chirichonse padziko lapansi chikugwirizana.

Plato amapereka chidwi kwambiri pa lingaliro la zabwino, zomwe sizosangalatsa kapena zopindulitsa, koma ndi dalitso kwenikweni. Lingaliro limeneli amafanizira dzuwa, lomwe ndilo labwino kwambiri.

Zimene Plato ananena zokhudza boma

Lingaliro la boma likuchokera pa "nyenyezi" zazikulu zitatu: olamulira-filosofi, asilikali ndi antchito. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti boma likhale lolimba. Izi zikhoza kuchitika kokha pamene anthu akulamuliridwa ndi bungwe la akatswiri a nzeru zapamwamba, gawo la boma liri lotetezedwa kuzing'onongeka kotheka ndi ankhondo amphamvu, ndipo izi zimatumikiridwa ndi anthu onse wamba. Kugawanika kwa maudindo, malinga ndi Plato, ndilo lingaliro komanso lolondola. Ngakhale kuti malingalirowa amaonedwa kuti ndi oyenerera nthawi yawo, filosofi amakhulupirira kuti chimwemwe cha munthu sichimathandiza kwambiri kuti chimwemwe chonse chikhale chosangalatsa. Ndipo ngakhale izi, iye akulemba kuti: "Kusamalira chisangalalo cha ena, timakhala tokha" komanso "Ndi angati akapolo, adani ambiri."

Kodi Plato amadziwanso chiyani? Wachifilosofi wachigiriki wakale anapanga chitsanzo cha njira yabwino:

• 4 estate, yomwe imagawidwa malinga ndi malo;
• Ndondomeko yovuta kwambiri yandale;
• Analoleza ndalama, malo enieni ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabanja ndi anthu ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana;
• Makhalidwe olimba a magulu onse a anthu ndi boma.

Zimene Plato ananena zokhudza moyo

Monga tanenera poyamba, tanthauzo la moyo wa munthu liyenera kukhala ndi kuzindikira. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, sikuyenera kukhala konkire komanso yothandiza, koma zowonjezereka, zomwe zilipo payekha. Ndicho chifukwa chake moyo wa filosofi ndi wabwino kwambiri.

Woganiza amakhulupirira kuti moyo wa munthu ukutsatiridwa ndi mfundo zake zitatu: maganizo, ukali ndi chilakolako. Maganizo amafunafuna chidziwitso ndi ntchito yodziwa. Chiyambi chowawa chimatikakamiza kuthana ndi mavuto ndikukwaniritsa zomwe timafuna. Chiyambi chokhwima ndicho kuwononga moyo, monga kuwonetseredwa ndi zilakolako zopanda malire: "Kukula kwachisangalalo makamaka kumadalira kusangalala, koma masewera osalakwa."

Kuika chidwi kwambiri pa moyo weniweni, filosofi amasonyezanso pa moyo. Amapereka zifukwa zinayi kuti adziwe kuti moyo wa munthu ndi wosafa. Iye amakhulupirira kuti pambuyo pa imfa, moyo wathu umapitirizabe kukhalapo mu mbali ina.

Ponena za munthuyo

Malingaliro otchuka a Plato okhudza mwamuna nthawi zambiri amatanthauza moyo - wosatha ndi umodzi. Ndiyo yemwe akufuna nzeru, ndipo "amawafunsa" kuchokera kwa munthu: "Munthu ndi cholengedwa chopanda mapiko, chokhalira ndi misomali, yomwe imatha kudziŵa. Wafilosofi amadziwa zomwe zimachitika pa moyo wa munthu, ndiko kuti, mfundo ziwiri zosiyana. Pachifukwa ichi, ndicho chifuniro cha munthu amene amadziwitsa "wopambana". Kunyansidwa kwakukulu kumayenera munthu yemwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro zamatsenga.

Kufotokozera mwachidule zotsatira za nkhani ino, ndikufuna kunena kuti zambiri zomwe Plato ananena zimakhudza mpaka lero. Mwachitsanzo, ndi: "Chiyambi chabwino chiri kale theka la nkhondo."

Inde, nthawi zina munthu amayenera kutembenukira ku liwu lake lamkati, ndipo samangoyang'ana kuti moyo uli wofiira, wosasinthasintha komanso wopepuka. Plato, amene mawu ake amathandizira kuyang'ana zinthu zambiri mosiyana, amakhulupirira kuti chinali chifuniro chimene chimatsimikizira tsogolo la munthu.