Bill za Ufulu

History amadziwa zambiri zikalata, kusaina amene anakhudza mayiko lonse. Zofunika pakati izi ndi ngongole zochepa, yolembedwa ndi England ndi United States, tikambirana.

Bill ku England

Bill za Ufulu 1689 - kachitidwe malamulo, amene Analeredwa ndi boma la British wachibadidwe zimakhudza mmene chitukuko mafumu aphungu mu dziko. Iye anakhala akuti malamulo a ku Glorious utasintha, zinachititsa kuchokera kumpando wachifumu unachotsedwa James II Stuart, ndipo m'malo mwa mfumu yatsopano - Vilgelm III Oransky. Pofuna kupewa zipolowe zoukira boma latsopano, mfumu anavomera kusaina wa Chigamulo Cha Ufulu kumene kunachitika February 13, 1689. Kudzera chikalata ichi, mfumu anavomereza Ambuye ndi Commons, ndipo kenako maziko ake anakhazikitsa Bill cha ufulu.

Bill bwanji korona ndi anthu?

Major zaluso otchulidwa zikalata zokhudza chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya mfumu, ndi amene tsopano anafunika kugonjera zochita yamalamulo. mfumu akumanidwa mwayi kupasula malamulo a nyumba yamalamulo za zilango ndi suspend malamulo ena popanda chilolezo cha nyumba yamalamulo. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti mfumu siichitanso ulamuliro wapamwamba m'dera malamulo, kuwonjezera mphamvu zake mu dera la chilungamo anapanga zochepa kwambiri. Tinali anayambitsa zoletsa aakulu pa zimene zimachitika pakati pa korona ndi mpingo. Popeza kulowa mu mphamvu ya bilu anali mfumu sangathe Levy misonkho pa zosowa za anthu ndi kukonza wa asilikali mu yamtendere, ndi mabwalo zinatsekedwa zokhudza mpingo. The ndalama wofunikila yokonza nyumba yachifumu ndi asilikali, anaima nthawi yochepa, chifukwa cha zimene mfumu anakakamizika nthawi zonse kuti ndilembe amapereka.

Kodi wina zasintha bilu?

Komanso, kuthokoza kwa zaluso yamalamulo analandira mphamvu zambiri. Tsopano mfumu anayenera bungwe convocation osachepera kamodzi mitundu itatu, ndipo amphungu a nyumba yamalamulo kulandira, ngakhale makonzedwe, koma ufulu wolankhula. Kusintha anapangidwa ndi lamulo visola. The Bill za Ufulu analetsa okhudzidwa ofuna okhulupirika ku mpando wachifumu. Komanso, chikalata ankalengeza kuthekera zopempha Kutengera, komanso ufulu wa mtsutso aphungu. Lamulo latsopano amasonyeza mfundo za chifaniziro munyumba ya malamulo, amene masamu mogwirizana ndi kupereka msonkho. Ngakhale kwenikweni yoyenera kuvota angapatsidwe okha bourgeoisie chachikulu ndi anthu apamwamba.

Bill ndi milandu

Ndime Special wa chikalata ufulu zokhudza mphamvu za milandu. Iwo anatsimikiza kuti makhoti sangathe ntchito ina yapamwamba kwambiri, ndalama kapena chilango chankhanza. Silinalinso mchitidwe yovomerezeka yokumba kusankha loweruza, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kusokoneza khotilo.

Komabe, yamtunduwu mayesero loweruza chawonjezeka, wakhala anasonyeza kuti bwino kuganizira kuphwanya aliyense milandu anazindikira woukira boma. Komabe, ndikoletsedwa ndi kulandidwa katundu munthu ngakhale anamangidwa podikira mlandu loweruza. Choncho, bilu cholinga chake chinali kusiya nkhanza milandu.

The Bill za Ufulu sananene Komabe, mwachindunji boma aphungu, ndipo mfumu komabe anali ndi ufulu wosankha ndi kum'tulutsa atumiki ndi oweruza, komanso luso lachiweruzo ndi kupasuka yamalamulo. Komabe, chikalata leni chinali oyamba a boma omwe analembedwa mu England ufumu malamulo.

The Bill za Ufulu, 1791

Mutu wotere ali woyamba 10 kusinthidwa kwa lamulo lalikulu ladziko US, anatengera mu 1789, amene analowa mphamvu mu 1791. Zinali chikalata kwambiri lakamba zambiri za ufulu wa anthu wamba. Uyamiko kwa Iye adalalika ufulu woyankhula, msonkhano, atolankhani, kukhulupirika kwa anthu, ufulu wa chipembedzo, ndi zina zambiri postulates zofunika. chikalata ichi yofunika kwambiri inasintha mbiri ya boma latsopano, zomwe munthu ufulu ndale ndi ufulu wa anthu mu US. Bill za Ufulu anatha kuthetsa mphamvu zonse za mfumu ndi boma, amene anali sizachilendo kumayambiriro Ages Middle ku Ulaya, ndi nthawi ya absolutism.

chikalata Background

The chakudya yaikulu ya bilu atsopano potengera chikalata ichi monga Magna Carta, lalembedwa mu UK mu 1215, imene kwambiri zimasokoneza kuthekera kwa mfumu. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri chikalata - umphumphu wa munthu - koyamba formalized mu pepala lina British - Habeas Corpus Act, omwe anali atalembedwa 27 May 1679.

Nkhondo ya wodzilamulira

Pambuyo utasintha cha 1688 anali formalized ndi ufulu wina ndi kumasulika. Pamene nkhondo ya wodzilamulira, nambala ya chikalata ofanana yosainidwa mu United States. onse ali m'njira mwachidule mfundo kuti anali kale. Mwachitsanzo, Virginia Bill cha ufulu. Komabe, panthawi ya nkhondo ufulu chitsimikizo sanali anapereka kwa adani a ufulu.

mogwirizana Federal

The Bill za Ufulu wa United States anali ndi zovuta. Choncho, ngakhale kuti boma tsopano ndi mphamvu amphamvu, nzika za dziko sanali atetezedwe mwankhanza awo. Choncho, Dzheyms Medison akufuna Kusintha kwa malamulo ena kusinthidwa. Bill adalowa mphamvu malamulo kokha pamene Virginia, ndi 11 kale mwa 14 zinalili pa nthawi boma kwathunthu anavomera ndipo linalowa nawo m'Pangano pa madera ake. Poyamba, iye woyesedwa tingaupeze malamulo oteteza nzika pa zochita n'kosaloleka kwa akuluakulu a boma. Choncho, 14 Kukonzedwa, linalowa nawo m'Pangano mu 1866, equalized azungu ndi akuda, lomwe kale ndinkaona kungapondereze ufulu. Kenako mu 1873, anaganiza kuti muletse, kuganizira mofatsa zosavomerezeka Koma mu 1925 kuti ankakhulupirira adalowa mphamvu chifukwa linaperekedwa lamulo loletsa limati kulenga malamulo kuti asagwiritse kapena mwa njira iliyonse kungapondereze ufulu ndi ufulu wa nzika US.

zosintha

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri bilu imatengedwa kuti 1st Kusintha, amene akulengeza ufulu wa atolankhani, kulankhula ndi msonkhano. Ndi kudzanja pamwamba pa United States ndi mayanjano zosiyanasiyana kwa nzika zonse. Malinga ndi Kusintha 2, anavomereza kuti States ndi asilikali, ndipo anthu ali ndi ufulu kusunga ndi kunyamula manja pa moyo wawo. kutsutsana mozungulira mfundo imeneyi ndi yofuna, chifukwa zogulitsa ufulu wa adani kufunafuna kuletsa izo. Chachitatu Kusintha, omwe amaletsa asilikali amene ali pa banja payekha mu nthawi ya mtendere, lero zambiri ogwirizana. The Bill za Ufulu, makamaka Kukonzedwa 4, kukutsimikizira inviolability katundu ndi munthu, mwachitsanzo limaletsa amafufuza aliyense mabungwe yazamalamulo popanda chilolezo. Malinga ndi ndime 5 wa bukuli anayambitsa mayesero ndi loweruza, ndipo munthu atha kukakamizidwa kukhala mboni pa yekha. Atatu kusinthidwa wotsatira mwachindunji zokhudzana bwino. 9 mzera n'chakuti kuti mukhoza kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu, amene kale nawo, ndi 10, nayenso ananena kuti ufulu wa boma, lomwe sizinachitike kunditumiza ku boma, adzakhalabe sasintha.

Bill lonse za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Nkhani zikalata, kuchotsedwa omwe ndi kuonetsetsa ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa anthu pa dziko. Malamulo ali zikalata izi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa mfundo UN lonse zokhudza ufulu wa anthu. Onse States amene anasaina Bill mayiko a Rights, ntchito kuonetsetsa kuti nzika zawo zingapo ufulu ndi kumasulika zimene ziyenera kuti onse mofanana popanda tsankho.

Pomaliza

zikalata onse amene atchulidwa pamwambapa, mwanjira ina mukopedwe momwe zinthu zikusinthira ufulu wa anthu. Bill choyamba, wadutsa mu England, zoona chinali chiyambi cha ufumu aphungu, omwe analola kuti achepetse mphamvu ya mfumu, ndipo anali kwenikweni sitepe yoyamba panjira demokalase. More chosintha ku mfundo imeneyi anali bilu American, lomwe kale kungakupatseni anthu osati ufulu wofanana anthu, komanso amaletsa tsankho, koma sanabadwe kukhala chomaliza mfundo panjira ndi anthu kwaulere. Chimake cha demokalase, ndithudi, kunali mndandanda wa zikalata anatengera pa United Nations, amene zochokera onse kale analenga, koma panali, titero, ndi kuwonetsa zalero, zomwe zinawathandiza kuti kupereka aliyense mu ufulu dziko wofanana ndi ufulu.