Brezhnev ulamuliro - stagnation kapena zaka golide?

ulamuliro Brezhnev m'mbiri ya Soviet sayambitsa amenewa mkangano kutsutsana ndi kuwunika kosiyana Zotsutsana za mmene nyengo Stalinist ndi perestroika Gorbachev, koma nthawi imeneyi analinso mbali zabwino ndi zoipa.

Mapeto a Ulamuliro

Brezhnev anayamba ngakhale zachilendo boma Soviet a m'nthawi imeneyo. Wachikoka ndi utsogoleri unquestioned mu chipani cha Lenin ndipo kenako dongosolo Stalin opondereza ndi anakonzeratu kuti atsogoleri amenewa anali pa helm wa boma mpaka imfa yake. Komanso, izo sizinali ndipo sanathe kukhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa boma (kupatula mwina miyezi kwambiri atamwalira Lenin, pamene olandira weniweni ankaona Trotsky ndi Zinoviev). Panabuka mkangano, ndipo mu 1953, pamene Joseph Dzhugashvili anafa. Komabe, ndi kubwera ndi mphamvu, Nikita Khrushchev mwadzidzidzi anasintha mkati Inde mfundo phwando. XX Party Congress inatha opondereza kulamulira njira chikukhudza: chikhalidwe cha mantha, ukali atangoyima potsimikizira-zisinthe ndi zina zotero. Makamaka chifukwa pa stepi ino, iye anakhala wolamulira woyamba inathetsedwa yopanda magazi ndi suchokera mu imfa. ulamuliro Brezhnev anayamba mu 1964 ndi zosankha za plenum a Komiti chapakati cha CPSU kumasulidwa Khrushchev ku malo mlembi wamkulu.

Stagnation kapena nyengo golide?

The nyengo yatsopano, dzina la stagnation Patapita nthawi kuyambira ndi kusintha yogwira zachuma kutsitsimutsa chuma. Kusintha Alekseya Kosygina, inayamba mu 1965 chaka, anali kumlingo umalimbana kuika chuma mu njirayo msika. Kotero anali kwambiri kukodzedwa ufulu chuma amakampani lalikulu boma akumeneko, anayambitsa zida zolimbikitsa mfundo ogwira nawo. Ndipo kusintha anali ndi kuyembekezera kwenikweni. Kale nthawi yoyamba ulamuliro Brezhnev unali wotchuka ndi wopambana kuposa zaka zisanu m'mbiri ya dziko.

Komabe, ofuna sanapite kupyolera. anasinthira chifukwa cha kufooka kwa ulamuliro boma, sanali wodzilemekeza ndi ufulu zofunika m'mbali zina za moyo zachuma. Kusintha anali kuvumbula ndi zotsatira zoipa, monga kachitidwe kwa wokwera katundu. Komanso, mu 70s oyambirira apezeka Siberia minda mafuta, zomwe zinachititsa kuti imfa yosatha ya chidwi Soviet utsogoleri pantchito kusintha. About 70 ntchentche amayamba kudziwonetsa ena slowdown za chuma zoweta. Yopanga kumakhala kosavuta yosafuna. Manja ndi pulogalamu danga kunadetsa zomwe zikutsalirazi kumbuyo mpikisano waukulu - US (lomaliza loti bwino pulogalamu Soviet danga anakhala galimoto "Mars-2", woyamba bwinobwino kuti dziko wofiira). Komanso, kwanthawi opezeka mu mafakitale apamwamba luso.

Izi zolakwikazo Pamlingo waukulu kukhala chifukwa cha kusintha wotsatira ndi zimene inatha - kugwa kwa boma la Soviet. Amafuna zomangamanga ndi zinthu zina mafakitale njira simungathe bwanji liwiro la chitukuko cha mafakitale kuwalako amadza chopweteka kwambiri pa anthu onse m'dzikomo. Akusowa chakudya ndi katundu wofunikira - woyamba, mwina, kuti ambiri amagwirizana ndi khwimbi waukulu chi. Komabe, nthawi ya ulamuliro Brezhnev a, otchedwa kuchulukana anali kokha poyerekeza ndi m'mbuyomu, mlingo amazipanga mkulu wa chitukuko cha makampani olemera ndi kuwala kwa dziko. Pa nthawi mamiliyoni m'dziko lathu lomwelo anakumbukira pamene m'badwo wa golide. Choyamba, amene ali ndi ndinamverera akuponya ntchito ndi moyo zachuma mfundo cha mma 1990. Pa nthawi yomweyo chinali ndi ulamuliro wa Brezhnev ndi zina mphindi kwambiri: izi ndi nkhondo Afghanistan, ndi kuzungulira watsopano Chidani nkhondo, ndi vuto la kugona ndi China chifukwa cha mikangano mu Sino-Soviet.