Ufumu - izi ndi zina boma? Ufumu kwambiri dziko

Mawu "ufumu" posachedwapa milomo aliyense, anthu ngakhale kukhala yapamwamba. Ndi chinyezimiro cha ukulu wake wakale ndi mwanaalirenji. Kodi kwenikweni ufumu?

Iwo akulonjeza?

Otanthauzira ndi mainsaikulopediya kupereka tanthauzo lenileni la mawu akuti "ufumu" (kuchokera ku mawu Latin "imperium" - mphamvu), tanthauzo la zomwe, ngati inu simupita ku tsatanetsatane wotopetsa ndipo osati amachita kayankhulidwe youma sayansi, ndi motere. Choyamba, ufumu - ndi mafumu, lotsogoledwa ndi Mfumu kapena Mfumukazi (Aroma Ufumu, ndi Russian Ufumu). Komabe, kuti boma wakhala ufumu wa wolamulira sikokwanira kutchedwa mfumu. Ufumu kumapereka lingaliro la kukhalapo madera mokwanira lalikulu kulamulidwa ndi anthu amphamvu mphamvu centralized (authoritarian kapena opondereza). Ndipo ngati mawa, Prince Hans Adamu II adzaitana yekha Mfumu, izo sizidzasintha akamanena za boma la Liechtenstein chipangizo (ndi chiwerengero cha anthu osachepera zikwi makumi anai), ndipo zidzakhala zosatheka kuti ndi yaing'ono ukulu - Ufumu (boma a).

Momwemonso n'kofunika

Kachiwiri, maufumu nthawi zambiri amatchedwa dziko amene ali ndi chidwi katundu atsamunda. Pankhaniyi, pamaso pa mfumu sikofunika. Mwachitsanzo, mafumu English konse ankatchedwa mafumu, koma kwa zaka pafupifupi mazana asanu, kutsogozedwa ndi Britain, limene m'gulu osati UK komanso ambiri madera ndi ulamuliro. Maufumu lalikulu la dziko lapansi kwa muyaya unazokotedwa maina awo pa magome a mbiriyakale, kupatula iwo atsirizidwa?

Ufumu wa Roma (27 BC - .. 476)

Yokhala woyamba mfumu mu mbiri ya chitukuko ankaona Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC ..), Amene M'mbuyomo kazembe, ndipo Kenako anauza wolamulira moyo. Pozindikira kufunika kwa kusintha kwambiri, Caesar linakhazikitsa lamulo kuti anasintha dongosolo la ndale la Roma. Anatayika udindo wa National Assembly, mbali Kaisara anali kudzadza Senate, amene anapereka Kaisara mutu wa mfumu ndi ufulu kusamutsa mbadwa zake. Caesar anayamba minting ndalama za golidi ndi m'chifanizo chake. Chilakolako chake kukhala ndi mphamvu zonse kwachititsa kuti chiwembu cha senators (44 BC. E.), Gulu Marcus Brutus ndi Gayo Cassius. Ndipotu, mfumu yoyamba inali mphwake wa Kaisara - Octavian Augustus (63 BC - .. '14 BC ..). mutu wa mfumu mu masiku amenewo anatanthauza mkulu wamkulu amene anapambana chigonjetso kwambiri. Yokhala, ndi Republic Roma akalipo, ndipo adatchedwa Augustus princeps ( "woyamba pakati wao sunganyemeke"), koma ndi mabwalo Octavian anagula mbali ya Mafumu, chotero wankhanza kum'maŵa limati. Mu 284, Mfumu Diocletian (245 -. Zaka 313) wakhala anayambitsa kusintha kuti ataloŵa lakale la Roma mu ufumu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mfumu ankatchedwa Dominus - Ambuye. Pa 395, boma unagawidwa pawiri - a kummawa (likulu - Constantinople) ndi Western (likulu - Rome) - aliyense yemwe walunjika ndi mfumu yake. Ichi chinali chifuniro cha Mfumu Theodosius, amene madzulo a imfa yake anagawa boma pakati pa ana ake. Mu nthawi yomalizira linakhalapo, Western Ufumu chinaperekedwa ku incursions zonse akunjawo, ndi 476 boma kamodzi wamphamvu adzakhala potsiriza anagonjetsedwa mkulu-wakunja Odoacer (za 431 - 496), amene adzalamulire yekha Italy, kusiya mutu wa mfumu, ndi zina chuma cha Ufumu wa Roma. Atagwa maufumu waukulu wa Rome zidzachitika mmodzi.

Ufumu wa Byzantine (IV - XV zaka.)

Ufumu wa Byzantine linachokera ku East Roma. Pamene Odoacer kutsitsidwa otsiriza Roma, iye anachotsa ulemerero wa mphamvu ndi kuwatuma kwa Constantinople. Pansi, wina Sun yekha, ndipo mfumu, nayenso, ayenera kukhala chimodzi - ndi za kufunika Ufumuyo ntchito iyi. Ufumu Byzantine ili ku mphambano za ku Ulaya, Asia ndi Africa, malire ake anatambasula ku Mtsinje wa Danube. A mbali yaikulu pa kuphatikiza Ufumu wa Byzantine ankaimba Christianity, omwe anakhala mu chaka 381 chipembedzo boma la chi Roma. makolo mpingo amanena kuti chikhulupiriro adapulumusa anthu osati anthu yokha. Choncho, Byzantium ndi pansi pa chitetezero cha Ambuye ndipo mosakayikira kutsogolera mitundu ina chipulumutso. mphamvu yolembedwa ndi zauzimu ziyenera kukhala ogwirizana mu dzina la akwanilitse zolinga zawo. Ufumu wa Byzantium - boma limene lingaliro la mphamvu lachifumu anapindula mawonekedwe okhwima kwambiri. Mulungu - Ambuye wa dziko lonse, ndipo mfumu kunalamulidwa mu maufumu a dziko lapansi. Choncho, mphamvu ya mfumu kutetezedwa ndi Mulungu ndipo ndi wopatulika. Mfumu Byzantine anali ndi mphamvu pafupifupi zopanda malire, iye anakonza ndondomeko mkati ndi achilendo, anali mkulu wa asilikali, woweruza wamkulu ndi wopanga malamulo nthawi yomweyo. Byzantine Mfumu - si mutu wa boma komanso mutu wa Mpingo, kotero iye anali kusonyeza chitsanzo cha chitsanzo cha kupembedza Mkhristu. Modabwitsa, mphamvu ya mfumu panalibe tinatengera kwa mfundo malamulo a view. History amadziwa zitsanzo zambiri za Ufumu wa Byzantine, pamene anakhala mfumu ya anthu osati chifukwa cha kubadwa korona, ndi zotsatira za mtengo wake weniweni.

Ottoman (Ottoman) Ufumu (1299 - 1922)

Olemba mbiri zambiri kuwerenga linakhalapo kwa 1299, pamene kumpoto chakumadzulo Anatolia, boma Ottoman anatuluka, zochokera yakumeneko wake woyamba, Osman - woyambitsa wa mafumu atsopano. Osman posachedwa kugonjetsa lonse West Asia Minor, amene adzakhala nsanja zamphamvu patsogolo a mafuko Turkic. Tikhoza kunena kuti Ottoman - Turkey ndi nthawi sultanate. Koma ufumu mosamalitsa kulankhula aumbike yekha mu XV - zaka XVI, pamene Turkey kugonjetsa ku Ulaya, Asia ndi Africa akhala yofunika kwambiri. pachimake chinachitikira ndi kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Byzantium. Izi, ndithudi, si mwangozi: ngati penapake zinaleka, aliyense ndithu zidzawonjezedwa, monga lamulo la kusamala mphamvu ndi mphamvu pa Africa Eurasian. M'chaka cha 1453 chifukwa cha kuzinga yaitali ndi wamagazi nkhondo asilikali Ottoman Turkey pansi Sultan Mehmed II anatenga Constantinople, likulu la Ufumu wa Byzantium. chigonjetso adzatsogolera chakuti Turkey adzakhala ndi malo lalikulu mu Mediterranean kum'mawa kwa zaka zambiri. Likulu la Ufumu wa Ottoman adzakhala Constantinople (Istanbul). The chimbuzi cha kukopa kwake ndi kutukuka kwa Ottoman anafika m'zaka XVI - nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Suleiman Zazikulu za I. Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XVII boma Ottoman adzakhala mmodzi wa wamphamvu kwambiri mu dziko. Ufumu ankalamulira pafupifupi buku lonse South-East Europe, Africa North ndi Western Asia, iyo sinali a zigawo 32 kuchuluka kwa limati kapolo. Kugwa kwa Ottoman kuti zidzachitika chifukwa cha First World nkhondo. Kukhala ogwirizana Germany, Turkey anagonjetsedwa mu 1922, adzakhala anathetsa sultanate, ndipo mu 1923 Turkey amakhala ndi mabwalo.

Ufumu wa Britain (1497 - 1949)

Ufumu wa Britain - ndi yaikulu boma la chitsamunda mu mbiri yonse ya chitukuko. Mu zaka 30 zaka mazana makumi awiri, gawo la United Ufumu nkhani pafupifupi kotala m'dziko Lapansi ndi anthu ake - kotala ya anthu okhala pa dziko (osati mwangozi kuti English wakhala chinenero otchuka mu dziko). European anagonjetsa England kugonjetsa Ireland ndi intercontinental - ndi adani a Newfoundland (1583), yemwe anakhala ankamasulira pochita Kukula North America. The bwino kulamulira British chinathandiza bwino imperialist nkhondo, zimene England anachita ndi Spain, France, Holland. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVII anayamba kudutsa UK kwa India, kenako England adzakhala ntchito ndi Australia ndi ku New Zealand, North, Otentha ndi South Africa.

Britain ndi ankawalamulira

Pambuyo First World nkhondo, League of Nations azipereka United Kingdom kuti agwire kusamalira ena mwa madera wakale wa Ottoman ndi maufumu German (kuphatikizapo - Iran ndi Palestine). Komabe, zotsatira za Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World kwambiri ankatembenukira yomwenso mu funso atsamunda. Britain, ngakhale kunapezeka kuti mwa opambana, anakakamizika kutenga ngongole yaikulu ku United States kupewa bankirapuse. The USSR ndi United States - osewera waukulu m'bwalo ndale - ankatsutsa kulamulira. Koma amene ankawalamulira, azungu itakula kumasulidwa mtima. Imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri ndi yokwera mtengo zinali kukumbukira ulamuliro wa dziko la Spain. Mosiyana, Portugal ndi France, England sanachite izo, natisunthitsa mphamvu maboma a m'mayikowo. Pakali pano, ku United Kingdom akupitiriza kukhala ulamuliro pa magawo 14.

Russian Ufumu (1721 - 1917)

Titamaliza ya nkhondo Northern, pamene boma Moscow anali atathana m'mayiko ena ndi kupeza Nyanja Baltic, King Peter ndinatenga mutu wa Mfumu Onse-Russian pempho la Senate - limba apamwamba mphamvu ya boma, anakhazikitsa zaka khumi mmbuyomo. M'dera chake cha Russian Ufumu anakhala wachitatu (pambuyo British ndi Mongol maufumu) ku mabungwe onse nthawi alipo. Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa State Duma mu ulamuliro 1905 Russian mfumu sukhala, kupatula mfundo za Orthodox. Peter Ine, zomwe timapitiriza ofukula za mphamvu mu dziko, Russia wakhala ogaŵikana zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu. Mu nthawi ya Ekaterina II iwo anakhala 50, ndi 1917, chifukwa cha kuwonjezedwa dera lawo, chiwerengero chawo chinawonjezeka ndi 78. Russia - Ufumu, zimene zinaphatikizapo angapo limati ano mwayekha (Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, mayiko Baltic, Caucasus ndi pakati Asia). Chifukwa wa February utasintha cha 1917, gulu la mafumu Russian wa Romanov mafumu watha, ndipo mu September chaka chomwecho, Russia analengeza lipabliki.

zizolowezi centrifugal amachititsa

Monga mukuonera, zonse za ufumu waukulu anakomoka. Mu malo ya kulenga iwo mphamvu centripetal adzakhala posapita nthawi kubwera ku zizolowezi centrifugal kuti atsogolere boma ngati palibe wina kugwa wathunthu, ndiye kuwola.