Capital Social: Chifukwa chuma unsembe, ulaliki ndi chitsanzo cha khalidwe zachuma

Malonje

vuto la zachuma, komanso khalidwe chuma cha anthu - mitu imeneyi ndi zogwirizana Russia pa nkhani ya kudalirana. Search zinthu zina mulingo woyenera kutukula nkhani ya chikhalidwe ndi cholowa cha dziko Adzakhala akuyan'anila mumaganiza lonse ndi adzalola Russia kupeza njira zawo za chitukuko ndi kuthetsa zopinga zimene zimachokera mu chikhalidwe cha adzakhale, kwa asayansi akhala nkhani yagona. Khalidwe chuma cha anthu, yemwe ali mmodzi wa zinthu kwambiri kwa kusintha kwa anthu chifukwa cha zina zimagwirira umoyo maganizo a kupanga maganizo zachuma ndi zikhulupiriro, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi kusintha iwo.

Lingaliro la chikhalidwe likulu pa nthawi ino, monga asayansi ena, unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi vuto la zachuma, kumanga anthu wamba, kuthandiza kusintha ndale, mapangidwe munthu bwino, kusamuka ndi zochitika zina (onani., Mwachitsanzo, Putnam, Rd (1996) 'The zachilendo mofulumira a Civic America; Social likulu polenga likulu anthu 'American Journal of Sociology, Vol 94' mu American Chiyembekezo PP 7-24 Coleman, JC (1988). ': PP 95 S120 ndi ena) ... . Social likulu kuwonjezera katundu yosungirako ntchito ntchito anaikidwa kuti zochita za anthu ena f phindu ORM likulu Mwachitsanzo, anthu kapena chuma. Little kudziwika ndi kulingalira likulu chikhalidwe mu chimango cha kafukufuku umoyo maganizo, kumene zosiyana ndi kuwamva monga dongosolo ubale, "kuchotsedwa ubale maganizo omwe amalimbikitsa thupi ndiponso maganizo umoyo wa anthu ndi magulu, osati moyo wa nzika zina za nkhani zachuma" (ogwidwa mu chikhalidwe ndi zitsanzo. khalidwe zachuma ..., 2011, p. 258).

Kuphunzira likulu chikhalidwe monga limagwirira maganizo a khalidwe chuma, ndi cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito zathu. Nawonso ziyenera a khalidwe zachuma chimaonekera ndi mfundo zachuma ndi maganizo, komanso ambiri lililonse ndi chikhalidwe zofunika kwa magulu chikhalidwe mitundu ya khalidwe zachuma - khalidwe la nkhani zachuma, tikambirana pansipa.

Ife zopanga ndi kungoganizira ongolankhula kafukufuku wathu: likulu chikhalidwe chiri cholukanalukana ndi maganizo zachuma ndi zikhulupiriro, komanso akuti zitsanzo chuma khalidwe. Komanso, amaganizira zinthu makamaka mu Russia ndi Chofunika magulu ake constituent mitundu, tiyenera kuganiza kuti pali kusiyana mu ubale anati magawo mu oimira magulu osiyanasiyana.

ntchito imakhala ndi mbali ziwiri. Woyamba ndi review mawunikidwe mabuku posachedwapa m'munda wa kuphunzira likulu chikhalidwe ndi chuma, khalidwe zachuma tingathe kupanga zofunika kwambiri pa kuganizira nkhani yovutayi mchiphunzitso cha likulu mphamvu ya maubwenzi zenizeni zachuma, kuzindikira zinthu chokhwima kuti zili mu nkhani imeneyi. Mu Chigawo chachiwiri chikufotokoza zotsatira za kafukufuku wazotsatira pa mutu ananena, anapatsidwa kutanthauzira zotheka kwa ubale ndi anapezazo akaphatikiza.

Ongolankhula review: salankhulana likulu chikhalidwe ndi zenizeni zachuma

Poganizira zotsatira za maphunziro pa nkhani chimenecho, mwachindunji kuti mu malo oyamba, aliyense wa iwo akugwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo enieni likulu chikhalidwe, nthawi zina zili ndi osiyana mu olemba osiyana.

LIKULU chikhalidwe ndi chuma

Pali maphunziro umalimbana kuphunzira chikoka likulu chikhalidwe onse khalidwe zachuma ndi mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo. Koma Komanso ankaona zinthu zosiyana, pamene vuto la zachuma ndi kutsogolera kwa mapangidwe likulu chikhalidwe.

Kumayambiriro a kagawo ku Yang Chu kulingalira (n'chokwana K. Chou, 2005), lomwe ri milingo mmene likulu chikhalidwe pa mfundo umoyo ndi zachuma. Written pambuyo akalambula ndi akunenetsa kuti mtanda dziko kusiyana mawu a likulu chikhalidwe ofunitsitsa Mbali yaikulu udindo wa boma kuthandiza maubale ndi mabungwe. (N'chokwana K. Chou, 2005). wolemba motsindika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito likulu chikhalidwe mu anakambirana pambali kapena kuchita malonda, likulu chikhalidwe ngati alipo kupanga kumangidwa chikhalidwe ndipo amanga milingo yawo yatsopano. Popanda thandizo la zachuma boma amene amadza zabwino likulu chikhalidwe anthu adzakhala ndi kobvuta ndi ntchito zachuma nthawi zimatengera chikhalidwe amakakamizidwa [1]. State thandizo, mlingo wochepa wa likulu chuma ndi chitukuko ndi (bwino anayamba) ndi ubale zabwino ziti kukula ndi chitukuko m'dziko (Ann Dale, Lenore Newman, 2010). likulu Social ali mkulu amadza zabwino kwambiri kutukula koma ambiri amachitira mayiko ndi democracies khola, anthu amene pali zikamera wa bata zachuma, likulu chikhalidwe wosatenga kufunika amadza zabwino, pakalibe choti boma (Babken V. Babajanian, 2008).

Mwachitsanzo, Filipo Mladovski ndi Ellis Mosilyalos kuphunzira CBHI pulogalamu mayiko ( «Community-based Health Insurance» - inshuwalansi pamaziko a membala gulu makamaka), analengedwa kuti ayang'anire chisamaliro thanzi m'mayiko osauka, tinapeza kuti mlingo wa likulu chikhalidwe anthu ali kukhudzanso bwino kapena kulephera kwa ntchito kulamulira ndi mabungwe a zaumoyo. Mmodzi wa zimagwirira anatchula tiziika zofuna za msika (ie, mlingo wa likulu chikhalidwe). Kuchuluka kwa ubale intercompany akhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya miyeso mu malingaliro amveke chivundi klienttsentrizma akavalidwe kuchita ankayendetsa zachuma kudzera maphunziro mwamwayi pamene yolumikiza udindo wa likulu chikhalidwe mu mawonekedwe musiyane katswiri (ndi boma, mabungwe omwe si a boma, makonsolo mkati ndi kunja gawo thanzi ) ndi chinthu cha bwino (Philipa Mladovsky, Elias Mossialos, 2008).

Palinso zotsutsana deta, chimene zinthu likulu chikhalidwe (kukhulupirira, kulolerana, kuchuluka kwa anthu a), monga harbingers kubadwa kwa anthu wamba, zimakhudza kwambiri kutukula derali, koma zizichitika nthawi zina chikhalidwe, ndicho pamene akuyerekeza deta ya West ndi East chitsanzo cha Japan (Westlund ndi Calidoni, 2010). Olemba kafukufuku mu Japan, powona kufotokoza zotheka zodabwitsazi mu mphamvu Japan tanthauzo la magulu mwamwayi, chiwerengero chawo ndi chiwerengero wa (magawo zotheka likulu chikhalidwe sanali amayezedwa phunziro), - kutanthauza anthu sanaoneke zikhalidwe ndi mmodzi wa wamphamvu kwambiri umakhudza khalidwe la Japanese ndi zoona, kukhala muyeso wa likulu chikhalidwe cha dziko makamaka ..

Kupitiriza ndi phunziro lathu kupereka malongosoledwe a kafukufuku wina 2008 wochitidwa ndi Ian Fidrmuk ndi Clarita Gertshani (Jan Fidrmuc, Klarita Gërxhani, 2008), kumene olemba ntchito zosintha monga nawo woganizirana, kukhulupirirana likulu chikhalidwe muyeso, osalimba a Intaneti, okoma, kupenda zotsatira, olemba poyerekeza zotsatira za oimira East ndi West, ndi kulamulira zosintha monga ndalama, ntchito chuma dziko ndi kukhazikitsa magulu ake. Zotsatira Final anatsimikizira amanena za olemba: kusiyana mu mlingo wa likulu chikhalidwe chinali chapadera kupatulapo zinthu controllable, na ciyezezo m'manja mwawo. Olemba kuona kusintha izi likulu chikhalidwe m'madera ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana anatsimikiza, kani, mlingo wa chitukuko zachuma ndi kufooka kwa mabungwe onse okhudzidwa, makamaka zachinyengo, ndipo si monga mmene ankaganizira poyamba, kapena kuti zotsatira za chikominisi zapitazi.

LIKULU chikhalidwe ndi khalidwe AZACHUMA-

Mu kuphunzira Wei Cheng anadzipereka ku chizindikiritso cha chikoka cha likulu chikhalidwe pa luso makamaka mu mabungwe, izo zikusonyeza kuti miyeso itatu: structural, chidziwitso ndi dongosolo la ubale - pamodzi kupanga chitsanzo zovuta amene amadza khalidwe nzeru ya Mabwana Chinese. kukula gulu, mphamvu ya maubwenzi, wolowezana, mipata structural limanenedwa ngati chidziwitso chikhalidwe mchitidwe likulu ndi chiwerengero cha mfundo nawo ndi mphamvu mwa mamembala a gulu, amene nawonso, amalenga yabwino kwa kutumizgika ntchito nzeru. Trust ndi malamulo nawo ndi amadza zabwino khalidwe nzeru, koma mkhalapakati ndi, motero, mtundu wa kukhulupirirana ndi sitepe limene pali zaluso (Wei Zheng, 2010). Mofananamo Veybing Zhao anasonyeza kuti structural gawo la likulu chikhalidwe ndithu chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mlingo wa kusalekerera mzimu entrepreneurial, ndi Mwina wa chilengedwe cha malonda mu gawo zokopa alendo. Muyeso asapita dongosolo amasonyeza ubale zabwino ndi luso entrepreneurship, koma zilibe kusonyeza kucheza kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha malonda. mlingo chidziwitso analibe mayanjano kwambiri milandu onse (Weibing Zhao, 2011).

Zimene Laboratory wochitidwa ndi Bruno Frye ndi Stefan Meyer (Frey. Meier, 2004) ku Yunivesite ya Zurich ophunzira za mmene likulu chikhalidwe (ndizo anazindikira mlingo wa khalidwe prosocial) zimakhudza khalidwe la ana asukulu. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri izo kuunikira khalidwe la ophunzira kulipira amalipiritsa maphunziro, pa yomweyo ophunzira nthawi anafunsidwa kuti aperekepo pang'ono thumba wophunzira thandizo. Ophunzira nawo kuyesera anali m'magulu: gulu lina ananena kuti deta pa kuchuluka m'munsi zopereka mu zina - kuchuluka mkulu, wachitatu - kafukufuku anali imachitika pa mlingo sikhala amapereka. Zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti, Choyamba, ndi apamwamba Chiyembekezo za ophunzira za kuchuluka kwa zopereka za ena, m'pamenenso kuti iwo apereka thumba. Chachiwiri, pamene ophunzira inanena kuti zambiri apereka ndalama zonse, kufunitsitsa kwawo khalidwe lofanana kwambiri kuchuluka (Frey. Meier, 2004). Nthawi zambiri, ndiye kuti khalidwe prosocial makamaka anatsimikiza ndi mfundo khalidwe prosocial a anthu ena kapena malingaliro za khalidwe.

Luka Crudeli ankafufuza ntchito chuma dera za lendi mwa maiko osiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi wolemba, mabwenzi co-ntchito zambiri kuchitika m'mayiko osauka ngati polimbikitsa khalidwe zachuma amaonedwa mwayi wopeza ndalama ndi mabwenzi lotha, osati mfundo kwathunthu likulu chikhalidwe. (Luca Crudeli, 2006).

Pa chitsanzo cha m'dera Indian zotsutsana ndi mfundo za zotsatira phindu likulu chikhalidwe pa chuma cha m'madera, kukhala ofufuza kumadzulo, Paradaiso Dzhey Das anasonyeza bwanji mlingo umphawi counterbalanced mkulu mlingo wa likulu chikhalidwe, si Zimachititsa linanena bungwe la mavuto, koma umakuchirikiza. wolemba amasanthula malamulo a reciprocity ndi mothandizana, zikusonyeza machitidwe osauka a anthu Indian (mwachitsanzo, popereka chakudya ndi zinthu ngongole kapena ntchito osakhalitsa) monga ubale kukakamizidwa kwa anthu ozindikira kudalirana chilengedwe ndi makonzedwe a zachuma, miyambo pobwereka ndi mothandizana, kuonetsetsa kupulumuka, koma osati blagotvorstvuyuschie ntchito zachuma ndi mapeto a mavuto. Communication, malinga ndi wolemba zofunika pamene pali kugawaniza limene eni yopanda anthu olemera okha kapena osauka. Choncho, wolemba yofunika kwambiri silipereka likulu zachikhalidwe, ndi chuma chawo, kalasi ndi udindo chuma cha anthu, amene zonse ndipo anaika ena asapita zachuma pakati pa anthu (Raju J Das, 2004).

NKHANI likulu moyo ndi chikhalidwe NDI mavuto azachuma

Ndi ponena kuphunzira khalidwe la kasamalidwe Russian ndi mbadwo watsopano wa amalonda (akulandira maphunziro Western kapena pafupipafupi akuchita mu anzake yachilendo) chilengedwe malonda ofunika. Cholinga chake chinali malongosoledwe a deta zotsutsana za mlingo wochepa wa likulu chikhalidwe pa mlingo anthu ndi wapamwamba kwambiri - pa khalidwe lenileni la Russia, ndiko kuti, akudzizindikiritsa zachikhalidwe wabwino kuyeza likulu chikhalidwe. Ntchito muyeso wa likulu chikhalidwe bungwe Napier ndi Goshaly (asapita dongosolo, chidziwitso ndi structural gawo) Bela Butler ndi Sharon Porchas amapanga chitsanzo cha zopezera ubale mwa makampani Russian. Zotsatira za kafukufuku zinali data-mozama zoyankhulana ndi eni zisanu ndi zinayi kapena atsogoleri a magulu Russian. Olemba kusonyeza kuti Russian Ngopambana structural chikhalidwe chigawo likulu umaonekera chakuti yogwirizana akale chilengedwe malonda, anamanga pa chidziwitso, mphamvu, maluso, chikhulupiriro ndi mphamvu imayendetsedwa ngati iwo ali othandiza, pamene kugwirizana latsopano analengedwa pa maziko a zinachitikira ndi zoona. Dongosolo muyeso wa olemba asapita zikutsindika kufunika kwa khalidwe Russian kudzipereka, mbiri ndi kukhulupirirana. mfundozi kulola Russian, osati powasamalira manambala ndi kanjedza, kuti aganyali akafunsiridwa makamaka kapena kuthandizira, osati kudalira akadzabweranso yochepa, ndipo kupatula mogwirizana yaitali. (Bella Butler ndi Sharon Purchase, 2008).

Malinga deta atsopano ku Rosstat, kupenda zizindikiro za ntchito ndi ulova mu Madera a Caucasus, 38% ya anthu mayina ndiwo a kudalira ndalama, ndi 25% - phindu. Mwapamwamba mitengo komanso ntchito zikusowa zinalembedwa mu Ingushetia - 42,4% ndi Chechnya - 40,2% poyelekeza ndi pafupifupi Russian pafupifupi 7%. Pa nthawi yomweyo anthu ambiri a North Caucasus limasonyeza kuchuluka apamwamba amalonda mu anthu 8.2% poyerekeza ndi 3.4% kwa Russia wonse. Nkosafuna kunena kuti malonda pa mlingo ngati mkulu wa ulova ndi kutaya mtima (anthu pafupifupi palibe zinthu za kufufuza ntchito) ndi chingatilimbikitse kuti entrepreneurship yaukapolo. Khalani zasonyeza kuti kuchepetsa ang'onoang'ono, osati siliyanja anthu mitundu yatsopano ya khalidwe chuma, komanso kumawonjezera mlingo wa kusamuka kwa anthu ndi kuwonjezeka mu mavuto. (Employment, E. Resource). Popeza deta izi, m'pofunika kukhala osamala zotsatira yathu, podziwa kuti sangathe Kuchotsera kuti vuto mmene chuma chikuyendera kuti panopa chimapambana mu Caucasus ndi mavuto azachuma kuti kaya cha zovuta zina magawo likulu chikhalidwe adzatero zinthu zofunika za makhalidwe.

Njira kafukufuku wazotsatira

Ophunzira kuphunzira.

kafukufuku anali imachitika m'madera asanu Russian. mafuko amene anali kuperekedwa ndi nthumwi Russian ya anthu a North Caucasus Caucasus (Chechens, Ossetians ndi Ingush) ndi Chitata, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu 1286.

Pakuti kudziwika mbali mitundu ubwenzi tinakhala kusankha pa mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. gulu la anthu omwe anafunsidwa Russian anasankhidwa oimira Moscow (anthu 321) ndi zigawo (a Chechen Republic, dziko la North Ossetia -. Alania, Ingushetia, Magadan dera, Stavropol Gawo) owerengeka anthu 355.

2. anthu a m'madera umaimiridwa ndi magulu zotsatirazi mitundu:

Ingush, Ossetians, Chechens. Table 1 limasonyeza kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za chitsanzo kafukufuku.

Table 1. Zochita za chitsanzo kafukufuku

dera

Tsankho gulu

Chiwerengero cha kafukufukuyu

Paulo

mwamuna / mkazi

zaka

Moscow ndi Moscow dera

Russian

321

178 mwamuna

143 akazi

Min: 16

Max: 64

Apakatikati: 40

dera Magadan

Russian

223

101 mwamuna

akazi 122

Min: 17

Max: 70

Apakatikati: 26

Republic of North Ossetia - Alania

Ossetians

100

57 mwamuna

akazi 43

Min: 15

Max: 82

Apakatikati: 37

Russian

25

8 mwamuna

akazi 17

Min: 16

Max: 71

Apakatikati: 40

The Republic Chechen

Chechens

105

39 mwamuna

akazi 65

Min: 18

Max: 59

Apakatikati: 24

Republic of Ingushetia

Ingush

109

54 mwamuna

akazi 55

Min: 17

Max: 60

Apakatikati: 23

Stavropol

Russian

103

49 mwamuna

akazi 54

Min: 19

Max: 60

Apakatikati: 31,5

okha

1066

640 mwamuna

akazi 644

Min: 15

Max: 82

Apakatikati: 31

Njira ndi zosintha. The zikuchokera wopangidwa ndi njira zotsatirazi mbiri.

1. Njira potaya likulu chikhalidwe,

2. Njira poona mfundo zachuma ndi makhalidwe;

3. Njira ya nkhani khalidwe zachuma.

4. Block deta.

1. Njira potaya likulu chikhalidwe. Kapangidwe anali kupenda magawo zotsatirazi:

a) anadziwa likulu chikhalidwe (a njira Chirkov VI);

b) mlingo wa kukhulupirira lotha, ndi chizindikiro Chiyerekezo wachotsedwa mafunso World Amakonda Survey;

mu) kulolerana kwa oimira magulu ena a m'mafuko aang'ono ndi zipembedzo zina, ing'onoing'ono kugonana, anthu ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana za ndale;

g) adzadziwire yapachiweniweni (GOP). Imawunikidwa awiri magawo adzadziwire yapachiweniweni:

a. "Mphamvu" (mwamphamvu) kudziwitsa boma.

b. Valency (mlingo wa positivity) adzadziwire boma.

2. zisudzo Economic ndi makhazikitsidwe;

a) Economic ulaliki wa munthu:

- chizindikiro cha kusintha chuma chake pa zaka zapitazi 2;

- chizindikiro cha kusintha zinthu zawo bwino kukhala mu chaka chikubwerachi;

Mafunso amenewa achokera (Modern zamaganizo ..., 2002).

b) Economic unsembe wa munthu:

Anafunsidwa anafunsidwa kusonyeza unsembe yeniyeni ndi chiweruzo mukupemphedwa kuti afotokoze digiri awo a pangano naye pa 5-mfundo lonse kuyambira 1 ( "amatsutsa") 5 ( "mwamphamvu Ndikuvomereza").

1) unsembe pa zachuma Kudzidalira.

2) Kwabasi ndi paternalism zachuma.

3) kuchuluka kwa okhutira mlingo wa umunthu zakuthupi.

nkhani izi akufuna ndodo zasayansi ndi inafalitsidwa koyamba mu NM Lebedeva ndi AN Tatarko "chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko cha anthu" (Lebedev, Tatarko, 2007).

3. Njira ya nkhani khalidwe zachuma.

Pa maziko njira drafting watengedwa, mwakuchita M. Smith ndi anzake, kufupi sewero. Kuchokera pa miyezo 10 ochititsa kuti (kuwayeza Likert lonse) wa lililonse, chidwi zochitika khalidwe chikhalidwe zachuma yeniyeni yapangidwa kwa kuyerekeza khalidwe zachuma. Woyankha anafunsidwa, kusankha khalidwe la munthu wa ngwazi, kuti asa- mu 3-mfundo lonse ( "m'malo Ndikuvomereza" / "Ndikuvomereza" / "kwathunthu Ndikuvomereza") ndi magawo atatu:

(A) khalidwe la ngwazi amakonda ndi pati;

(B) ngati woyankha ndi wokonzeka kuchita chimodzimodzi monga mmodzi wa anthu a;

(C) kuchititsa aliyense wa zilembo ndi pati ndi zina mwa oimira anthu umene woyankha yekha.

Onani kuti deta, kusanthula si vuto mu ziwerengero chizindikiro chachitatu ankagwiritsa ntchito - chigawo zoimira khalidwe mmene.

Tikuimira muyeso ochititsa kuti mwa zitsanzo khalidwe zachuma:

1. "Economic paternalism - ufulu chuma."

2. "Nthawi ndalama - ndalama."

3. "Akuti - yaitali lathu (chiyembekezo) khalidwe chuma."

4. "satero - Frugality."

5. "zachuma zofuna - zachuma zokhazokha."

6. "The patsogolo phindu pamwamba lamulo -. Lamulo kuposa phindu"

7. "Economic ntchito - Economic chilichonse."

8. "kuvomereza - ndi unacceptability wa ntchito Kuyamikira mu moyo wawo."

9. "Kufalitsa chidwi pa ndalama pa chilungamo -. Chilungamo"

10. "Patsogolo Malipilo - kutsogoza cha kukhalapo zilandiridwenso ntchito."

Onani kuti chitsanzo cha khalidwe zachuma muli mitengo iwiri, ndi mtengo, amene amasonyeza chitsanzo mwapang'onopang'ono (chidwi zachuma, yaitali lathu, kutsogoza ntchito zaluso ndi ena) ndi ponso mtengo amasonyeza zizindikiro za kukula. Ndiko kuti, ikuluikulu mtengo lachitsanzo kwambiri chuma mwapang'onopang'ono chimaoneka.

Chipika cha deta m'gulu mafunso okhudza kafukufukuyu 'zaka, dera, kugonana, fuko ndi nkhani zina, poona umoyo-zaziwerengero makhalidwe, amene ndiye ntchito pofotokoza chitsanzo ndi kulekana kwa subgroups yosiyanasiyana.

deta ntchito phukusi zowerengera processing SPSS 17.0 (mgwirizano kusanthula mokakamizidwa kulolerana Lowani njira kulamulira kwa jenda ndi zaka).

zotsatira

Communication maganizo zachuma ndi maganizo ndi likulu chikhalidwe

Taonani zotsatira za mgwirizano kusanthula zigawo zikuluzikulu likulu chikhalidwe ndi maganizo a zachuma ndi maganizo a mafuko. Choyamba, kulabadira zotsatira za oimira Russia ku Moscow ndi zigawo, ndiyeno zigawo. Akamamasulira adzafotokoza kuti Table 2, ambiri likulu chikhalidwe chizindikiro mfundo magulu amene anafunsidwa. Ambiri, mtengo wa zizindikiro za mafuko ndi ofanana, koma kwa kusinthasintha mfundo mkati mfundo n'komwe.

Table 2. Avereji mfundo za zizindikiro likulu chikhalidwe m'gulu la kafukufukuyu

zizindikiro

pafupifupi,

Muscovites Russian

Avereji, Russian,

zigawo

pafupifupi,

Ingush

Avereji Ossetians

pafupifupi,

Chechens

GI valency

4.3

4.6

4.0

4.6

4.3

GI kusalekerera

4.7

4.9

4.2

5.0

4.3

Anazindikira likulu chikhalidwe

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.5

3.6

kulolerana

2.8

3.4

2,7

3.1

3,0

kukhulupirira lotha

3.5

3.1

3.2

3.4

4.0

Zotsatira mgwirizano kusonyeza kuti kuli mmodzi yekha kucheza kwambiri pakati unsembe pa ufulu ndalama ndi chizindikiro cha boma oimira adzadziwire valence a Russian Moscow ndi "0,21" pa mlingo tanthauzo la tsa <0.01 ndi kuchuluka anafotokoza kusiyana wofanana 0,04 yekha. Mwachionekere pamaso pa chikoka cha zinthu suona mu Popeza kuti chiwerengero cha anafotokoza kusiyana mu chitsanzo ichi ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti maganizo abwino kwa nzika azipereka kwa wofuna kukhala ndi moyo wosadalira ndi Mokhumbira kuti akhoza zimachitika chakuti munthu amayankha osati nzika, komanso mwayi ndi zinthu zimene amatipatsa. Pakuti Moscow, ndi Dziwani zinthu ufulu zachuma ndi kudzikonda kuzindikira ndi yabwino kuposa madera ena a Russia, umboni ndi kuchuluka mkulu alendo ofuna likulu kupeza mwayi kuona tsogolo lawo ndi Mokhumbira.

Tsopano tsegulani zotsatira pa chisankho cha Russian zigawo (Table 3), kumene zitatu nthawi yomweyo wapezeka kugwirizana positive. Kusalekerera kudziwitsa boma (zikutanthauza kufunika kwa gulu la anthu omwe anafunsidwa anali mfundo 4.9 mwa 7) chikugwirizana ndi ziwiri zosiyana malangizo makhazikitsidwe: pa zachuma Kudzidalira ndi paternalism zachuma.

Kuwonjezeka mwamphamvu mu Russian adzadziwire wachibadwidwe wa zigawo limayenda zikufanana ndi unsembe chakuti umoyo anatsimikiza ndi zinthu osachepera awiri, mwachitsanzo ntchito laumwini ndi mmene chuma chikuyendera a dziko. Ambiri, mfundo ili ndi lomveka kwa dziko lililonse, pamene chinthu chachikulu ndi zizindikiro moyo zokhudza chuma umoyo wa dziko, koma khama munthu komanso ntchito zimadaliranso akusinthasintha ndalama ndi chuma.

Table 3. Contact muyeso wa likulu chikhalidwe ndi maganizo a zachuma ndi maganizo pa chitsanzo cha zigawo Russian

(Chechen Republic, dziko la North Ossetia -. Alania, Ingushetia, Magadan dera, Stavropol Gawo) (N = 355)

zisudzo Economic ndi makhazikitsidwe

Chizindikiro cha likulu chikhalidwe

R2

Tikuganizira May

Insurance

Lotha kumukhulupirira stnoe

Valent-tsa GI

Kulankhula - Nosta GI

Mumalemekeza - Nosta

Unsembe pa zachuma Kudzidalira  

0, 15 *

0,44

Khazikitsa ndi paternalism zachuma

0, 16 *

0,43

Mlingo wa chokwanira mlingo wa zinthu bwino kukhala

0,17 ***

0,47

Dziwani: * tsa <0,05, ** tsa <0.01, *** tsa <0,001, R2 - zopanda chiwerengero cha masiyanidwe, β - koefishienti yovomerezeka ya mgwirizano aone kuti pali.

Kulera mlingo wa kukhulupirira ndithu ndi moyo wosangalala mlingo wa umoyo wawo. Mwina zimakhudzidwanso zabwino likulu chikhalidwe monga amachepetsa mpikisano mu gulu chikhalidwe, zolimbikitsa anthu kupikisana kupeza kuposa ena, Chenjerani ndi kulemekeza khalidwe lawo.

Dziwani kuti ngati Russian Muscovites zitsanzo sanali kwambiri, malongosoledwe a maofesi oimira zigawo Russian anasonyeza likulu wawo (ngakhale ofooka) ubale pamodzi ndi makhalidwe a koefishienti chiwerengero cha anafotokoza kusiyana.

Pakuti Ingush (anthu 111), kugwirizana mmodzi yekha powerengera kwambiri: unsembe wa paternalism zachuma zoipa kugwirizana ndi likulu anazindikira chikhalidwe (-0.3 pa mlingo tanthauzo la tsa <0.01, ndi kuchuluka anafotokoza kusiyana kwa 0,1.

Choncho, tikhoza kunena kuti kwambiri Ingush mukukhulupirira mu makhalidwe abwino a chilengedwe chawo, chindichepere amakhulupirira kuti chitukuko zimadalira mmene chuma chikuyendera a dziko, kutanthauza kuti, zinthu kunja. Kumbukirani deta pa 42,4% ulova mu Ingushetia ndi chizolowezi cha anthu moyo pa moyo, osati kusintha mmene chuma chikuyendera mozungulira. Mukhoza kuwona kuti palibe mbali yaing'ono passivity uyu akhoza kuimba ndi chikhulupiriro kuti munthu mwini bwino zimadalira mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo determinacy pamlingo wochepa likulu anazindikira chikhalidwe (Table 1).

Pakuti Ossetin (Table 4) anaulula awiri okha makhalidwe yofunika kwambiri kulankhulana ndi unsembe Pawokha yapachiweniweni pa zachuma paternalism peresenti kupezeka kufotokoza 0.2: valence yapachiweniweni Pawokha kugwirizana ndi chizindikiro ichi zoipa "-0,35", ndi kuwuma zabwino "0.4" . Malingaliro zochepa zabwino anakumana Ossetians monga oimira dziko ndi zambiri kumva nzika, m'pamenenso iwo kumva amadalira mmene chuma chikuyendera mu Russia. Dziwani zovuta ndi zotsutsana za mavuto azandale South Ossetia pakati Georgia ndi Russia, zomwe anakana kupereka ufulu deduction la Republic malire a dziko lina. Mwamsanga Ossetians angaone kufinya national ku dziko, zomwe zinachititsa unsembe pa kudalira mmene chuma chikuyendera wa Russia zidzakhalapo pamodzi ndi amphamvu ndi zoipa maganizo kudzidziwa wake.

Table 4. Relation miyezo ya likulu chikhalidwe ndi makhazikitsidwe a zachuma ndi Ossetians zithunzi pa chitsanzo (N = 100)

Ekonomicheskiepredstavleniya ndi unsembe

Chizindikiro cha likulu chikhalidwe

R2

Tikuganizira May

Insurance

Lotha kumukhulupirira stnoe

Valent-tsa GI

Kulankhula - Nosta GI

Mumalemekeza - Nosta

Khazikitsa ndi paternalism zachuma

0,3 5

0.4 *

0.2

Dziwani: * tsa <0,05, ** tsa <0.01, *** tsa <0,001, R2 - zopanda chiwerengero cha masiyanidwe, β - koefishienti yovomerezeka ya mgwirizano aone kuti pali.

Zotsatira chidwi chitsanzo cha Chechens mgwirizano kusanthula anasonyeza kuti akusonyeza kuti n'zotheka otsika, kusowa, kapena zotsatira zovuta kwambiri likulu chikhalidwe mmene chuma Chechens.

zitsanzo Communication khalidwe zachuma ndi likulu chikhalidwe

Mgwirizano kusanthula anasonyeza kuti zitsanzo kwambiri kufotokoza zolembedwa khalidwe zachuma zosintha ufulu zizindikiro likulu chikhalidwe mu chitsanzo Russian (onse ku Moscow ndi zigawo) kulibe. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zitsanzo zikuluzikulu ndipo zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi zotsatira anati mu nyemba Ossetians ndi Ingush.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi chitsanzo choyamba cha Ingush (Table 5), kumene koefishienti kwambiri cha kulimba mtima chitsanzo zochokera zotsatira za kuwunika mgwirizano si upambana mtengo wa 0,19, kusonyeza kuti kufooka kwa zitsanzo Komabe, anafotokoza kuti pali akavalidwe.

Table 5. Muyeso wa likulu chikhalidwe Contact zinthu Ingushians oveteredwa pa chitsanzo (N = 111)

Chitsanzo cha khalidwe zachuma

Chizindikiro cha likulu chikhalidwe

R2

Tikuganizira May

Insurance

Lotha kumukhulupirira stnoe

Valent-tsa GI

Mawuwa, nnosti GI

kulolerana

"Economic chidwi"

Maganizo. zokonda

-

chivomerezocho

-0,36 *

0,11

"The patsogolo lamulo la phindu"

Maganizo. zokonda

0,29 **

0,19

chivomerezocho

0,31 **

0,16

"The patsogolo cha kukhalapo zilandiridwenso ntchito"

Maganizo. zokonda

0,25 **

-0,36 **

0,12

chivomerezocho

-

Dziwani: * tsa <0,05, ** tsa <0.01, *** tsa <0,001, R2 - zopanda chiwerengero cha masiyanidwe, β - koefishienti yovomerezeka ya mgwirizano aone kuti pali.

Mkulu zokwanira phunziro umoyo maganizo a malumikizanidwe koefishienti kwa khalidwe chuma cha "chidwi zachuma" wokonzeka lonse lachitsanzo ndi chizindikiro cha kuwuma kudziwitsa boma (4.2 mfundo) ndi "-0,36", iwo angathe kutanthauziridwa motere. Kuwonjezeka m'njira mwini anthu a Russia akhoza kuchepetsa kufunitsitsa kafukufukuyu Ingush kanthu kuti kumvetsa mwayi wopeza ndalama ndi mkhalidwe wawo zachuma kudzera njira zina zoopsa, wamkulu kusuntha mafunso amenewa ndi boma. Tikhoza kunena kuti mu njira iyi Ingush M'malo mwake, kukhala ndi chidaliro awo mu boma, kupereka ufulu kuyankha funso chuma.

Izo zikhoza kapadera kuti udindo wa anthu m'gulu boma lalikulu (ankaimira mu amalimbikitsa yapachiweniweni adzadziwire mwamphamvu) kungakhale chifukwa cha mapangidwe makhalidwe chabe kumlingo yozungulira kunyezimiritsa udindo wa anthu. Pomwepo awiri "patsogolo pa malamulo phindu" wongoyerekezera kugwirizana ndi index kumukhulupirira lotha (3.2 mfundo) pa mlingo wa 0,3. Communication chilengedwe chizolowezi zikusonyeza amadza zabwino likulu chikhalidwe (ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi kukhulupirira) pa mapangidwe anthu wamba, khalidwe la lamulo, anatsimikizira angapo a Ofufuza (onani., Mwachitsanzo, "Social likulu zimakhudza kwambiri kutukula" ndi Rizwan Ali, Mian Muhammad anakhala etc., 2011).

kugwirizana awiri detects maganizo lonse zokonda sewero "patsogolo pamaso pa luso" ndi lotha chidaliro mphambu wa 3.2 (0,25) ndi 4.2 kusalekerera adzadziwire yapachiweniweni mphambu (-0.36). Mofananamo, azimuth anatsindika Impact zabwino chikhulupiriro mapangidwe chodzidalira ndi zilandiridwenso anthu, pamene njira Pawokha akuti yapachiweniweni angathe kuonedwa ngati mawonekedwe ndiwofatsa lathu pa mfundo za m'mbuyomu, kulimbikitsa khalidwe ovomereza boma, kupanga zokonda khola, osati mwayi ndi kudzinenera zakukhosi.

Ponena deta Ossetin nyemba (Table 6). Ife Atchule za mgwirizano kwambiri, wolingana "0,74" pakati pa sikelo ya maganizo zokonda sewero "chidwi zachuma" ndi mawu kudziwitsa boma (5 mfundo), pamodzi ndi oipa ndi mkulu valence ubale ndi njira Pawokha yapachiweniweni (4.6 mfundo) "- 0,43. " kugwirizana amenewa chidwi kulankhula za mmene boma zizindikiro adzadziwire mapangidwe zokhudza ntchito zachuma ndi kufufuza njira zina aganyali Mosiyana ndi mitundu khola zokonda.

Table 6. Lumikizanani miyezo likulu chikhalidwe zinthu Ossetians oveteredwa pa chitsanzo (N = 100)

Chitsanzo cha khalidwe zachuma

Chizindikiro cha likulu chikhalidwe

R2

Tikuganizira May

Insurance

Lotha kumukhulupirira stnoe

Valent-tsa GI

Kulankhula GI-tsa

Mumalemekeza-tsa

"Economic ufulu"

Maganizo. zokonda

-

chivomerezocho

-0,25 **

0,12

"Kupulumutsa nthawi"

Maganizo. zokonda

-0,38 **

0,16

chivomerezocho

-

"Economic chidwi"

Maganizo. zokonda

-0,43 *

0,74 **

0,22

chivomerezocho

-

"Ntchito Economic"

Maganizo. zokonda

0,32 *

0.1

chivomerezocho

-

"The patsogolo cha kukhalapo zilandiridwenso ntchito"

Maganizo. zokonda

0,3 **

0,38 *

0,17

chivomerezocho

-

Dziwani: * tsa <0,05, ** tsa <0.01, *** tsa <0,001, R2 - zopanda chiwerengero cha masiyanidwe, β - koefishienti yovomerezeka ya mgwirizano aone kuti pali.

Komanso mwapadera, chitsanzo cha Ossetians Tingaone kuti kuwonjezeka mphamvu anthu a Russia kumawonjezera chidwi zachuma, monga kuyenera kwa Ingush, kumene ubwenzi zosiyana, koma ndi kuwonjezeka zabwino mzati chizindikiro valence chomangira yafupika. Choncho, mtima woipa kwa nzika ndi mphamvu kwambiri anthu a Russia, ndi apamwamba zitsanzo zokonda khalidwe kumene ngwazi ukuyembekezera njira zina za kuika ndalama zawo mmalo mogwiritsa ntchito banki boma akumeneko, ngakhale pakalibe kusiyana ndalama - ndi mtundu kumusonyeza boma, kusonyeza maganizo chikhumbo cha ufulu ndi kufufuza njira zina. Ambiri, zotsatira kusonyeza zina chifukwa makamaka pakati pa sikelo ya makonda maganizo ndi magawo likulu chikhalidwe, adachewuka