Karl Haushofer: yonena, photos, chiphunzitso, ntchito yaikulu

Wotchuka wathuwu bambo wa geopolitics German, Karl Haushofer anali chithunzi chapakati cha chilango chimenechi chatsopano, kuyambira penipeni lolembedwa 1924 mpaka 1945. ubwenzi wake ndi ulamuliro wa Hitler unali chifukwa cha ziyenera mmodzi ndiye amaganiza mwina pachithunzichi ntchito yake ndi udindo wawo. Zimenezi anapambana nthawi zonse pambuyo nkhondo. Ndipo okha khumi zapitazi, olemba angapo apanga maganizo mosamala kwambiri, osati kuwapunzitsa Koma wake kapena pseudoscience.

Karl Haushofer (chithunzi zili m'nkhani) anabadwira August 27, 1869 ku Munich mu banja Bavarian lolemera ndipo Chili sayansi, luso kulenga matalente. agogo ake, Max Haushofer (1811-1866), anali katswiri wa malo pa Prague Academy of Tirhana. amalume ake, Carl Von Haushofer (1839-1895), pambuyo amene dzina lake, anali mmisiri, woyambitsa zokhudza sayansi, Professor wa Mineralogy ndi Director wa University of Munich zaumisiri.

Karl Haushofer: yonena

Carl anali mwana yekhayo Max (1840-1907) ndipo Adelheid (1844-1872) Haushofer. bambo ake anali katswiri wa zachuma pa yunivesite chomwecho. Chotero malo zolimbikitsa sanathe koma bwanji Charles, amene anali masewera ambiri.

Nditamaliza maphunziro a sekondale mu 1887, iye m'gulu la Prince Regent Luitpold a Bavaria Regiment. Karl anakhala mkulu mu 1889 ndipo anayang'ana pa nkhondo ngati mayesero wapamwamba wa ulemu wa munthu ndi mtundu.

Kwambiri udindo ankaimba ndi banja lake mu August 1896 Martha Mayer-Doss (1877-1946). Volitional akazi ophunzira anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa moyo akatswiri ndi munthu wa mwamuna wake. Iye anamulimbikitsa kuti awafike pamtima ntchito maphunziro komanso kumuthandiza pa ntchito yake. chakuti bambo ake anali Myuda, Haushofer Kulenga mavuto nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Nazi.

Mu 1895-1897 gg. Carl anatsogolera mndandanda wa maphunziro ku sukulu Bavarian asilikali, kumene adaphunzitsa Mbiri yamakono asilikali 1894. Komabe, atangobadwa buku loyamba Khadili mchitidwe asilikali kumatsutsa mmodzi wa atsogoleri ake, 1907, Haushofer unasamutsidwa kugawira wachitatu Landau.

oyendayenda

Carl analumpha pa mpata ukapezeka kuthawa kumeneko, anavomera mtumiki Bavarian a nkhondo a udindo Japan. Kukhala Asia East wakhala kutithandiza kuona madera wake ntchito ndi geopolitics. Kuyambira October 19 February 18, 1909, anayenda ndi mkazi wake kudzera Ceylon, Burma, India ndi ku Japan. Apa Haushofer anatumizidwa kwa akazembe German, ndiyeno Division 16 ku Kyoto. Iye anakomana kawiri ndi Mutsushito mfumu, amene, monga olemekezeka zina, anachititsa chidwi kwambiri iye. Haushofer ku Japan anapanga ulendo atatu sabata kuti Korea ndi China. Mu June 1910, iye anabwerera ku Munich pa za Trans-Siberia sitima. Izi ulendo umodzi Dziko la Kutuluka Sun ndi kukumana ndi apamwamba anathandiza kuumba maganizo ake idealized ndipo m'kupita lotha za Japan.

Buku loyamba

Mwakayakaya paulendo Haushofer anaphunzitsa mwachidule pa Bavarian usilikali Academy, pamaso polawirana yosalipidwa mu 1912-1913. March anamuuza kuti akonze mabuku awo woyamba "DAI Nihon. Analysis wa Great mphamvu Japanese asilikali m'tsogolo "(1913). Pasanapite miyezi 4 wa March azichita tsamba 400 malemba. mgwirizano uno kuberekana kokha bwino mu mabuku ambiri wotsatira.

ntchito maphunziro

Gawo loyamba konkire kwa ntchito yapamwamba maphunziro Haushofer anali polandirira msonkho lalikulu 44 wazaka mu April 1913 pa University of Munich monga wophunzira digirii pansi Professor Erich Von Drygalski. Patapita miyezi 7 adalandira digiri ku madera, nthaka ndi mbiri, ndi nkhani yolembedwa ya mutu wakuti "nawo German mu chitukuko cha malo Japan Geographical ndi subyaponskogo. zolimbikitsa mphamvu zake za nkhondo ndi mfundo nkhondo "(1914).

ntchito ankafunika ndi utumiki pa Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, makamaka pa Western Front, amene anamaliza pa udindo wa mkulu magawano. Pomwepo atabwerera ku Munich mu December 1918, anayamba kugwira ntchito pa utsogoleri wakale wa nkhani yolembedwa "Malangizo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha Hrs Ufumu wa Japan" (1919), umene unakwaniritsidwa mu miyezi 4. chitetezo cha nkhani angatsate July 1919 za Japanese nyanja ulinso ndi nomination mu lecturers (pambuyo 1921 - ndi mutu aulemu) mu madera. Mu October 1919 Karl Haushofer pa zaka 50 anapuma pa udindo wa akuluakulu ambiri ndipo anayamba utumiki wake woyamba nkhani za pa "anthropogeography Asia East."

Ankadziwa Hess

Mu 1919 Haushofer anakumana Rudolf Hess ndi Oscar Ritter Von Niedermeyer. Mu 1920, Hess anakhala wophunzira ake ndi wophunzira maphunziro, ndi kulumikiza National Socialist ogwira ntchito German Party. Rudolph anamangidwa ndi Hitler mu Landsberg patapita analephera ankafuna kulanda boma mu 1924. Haushofer anapita wophunzira wake kumeneko nthawi 8 ndipo nthawi anakumana ndi Mfumu m'tsogolo. Kuchokera pamene mu 1933, Hess, wachiwiri Hitler anakhalanso woyang'anira wa geopolitics, chitetezo uphungu wake ndi mgwirizano ndi ulamuliro wa Nazi.

Mu 1919, Von Niedermayer - digirii Dryganski, mkulu wa asilikali German ndipo kenako katswiri wa sayansi usilikali pa University of Berlin - Haushofer chidwi ndi chitukuko cha mfundo Germany kwa Japan. Mu 1921, iye anamukakamiza iye kukonza lipoti chinsinsi pa zochitika Asian East German Utumiki wa chitetezo. Izi zachititsa nawo Carla mseri zokambirana chapatatu pakati Germany, Japan ndi Soviet Union mu December 1923, ndi kuzindikira kukula mu mabwalo andale zabwino German katswiri Japan.

Karl Haushofer Geopolitics

Anayamba kufalitsa mfundo ake zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro kutulutsidwa mu 1924 m'buku la "The Geopolitics ya Pacific Ocean." Mu chaka chomwecho, izo zinayamba kupanga magazini "Geopolitics" amene mkonzi anali Karl Haushofer. Ntchito yaikulu zokhudzana ndi udindo wa wasayansi Borders (1927), poto-malingaliro (1931), ndipo akuyesetsa kukhazikitsa maziko a chitetezo cha geopolitics (1932). Koma magazini wakhala anakhalabe chida chachikulu.

Zinali ngati bizinesi, mwachitsanzo. A. Ake awiri mphatso synovitis, Albrecht ndi Heinz, maka comaliza, akhala ophunzira yogwira izi. Onse analandira digiri mu 1028, anayamba kuphunzitsa mu 1930, ndipo pansi Hitler wotanganidwa posts a boma: Albrecht - Utumiki wa Affairs zakunja, ndi Heinz - Utumiki wa Agriculture.

Mpaka 1931 Karl Haushofer lofalitsidwa "geopolitics" mogwirizana ndi achinyamata geographers Germanom Lautenzahom Otto Maullem ndi Erich Obst. Pa maluwa nyuzipepala kumapeto 1920s, iwo asindikiza mawu oyamba ambiri kwa sayansi ya "Zigawo geopolitical" (1928). Mu buku lino, olemba ankaona geopolitics wa ntchito sayansi zogwirizana ndale yofanana ndi yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuzindikira dongosolo la njira ndale mogwirizana awo ndi malo kujambula Zoneneratu ndale. Patatha zaka zitatu Komabe, kusagwirizana pa momwe awo "sayansi" magazini ayenera kuonanso bwino mfundo panopa, zinachititsa kuchoka kwa akonzi wamng'ono. Haushofer anali mkonzi okha kuchokera 1932 mpaka kuchotsa buku mu 1944

kukula ntchito

Pambuyo Hitler anayamba kulamulira mu January 1933 Ntchito Geopolitics ndi udindo wake anayamba kukula chifukwa kugwirizana ndi Rudolfom Gessom. Mu nthawi yochepa kuti watenga zingapo amayesetsa kusintha udindo wake maphunziro. Poyamba, habilitation lake lasinthidwa kuti "Germanism kunja malire chitetezo ndi madera." Mu July 1933 pa pempho la woimira Hitler mu Bavaria Franz Xavier Ritter Von Epp, wina Haushofer kusukulu ndi asilikali, iye anapatsidwa udindo ndi mwayi, koma osati malo ndi malipiro a pulofesa wina. Mu yomweyi, oimira osiyanasiyana a University of Munich ndi Utumiki wa Culture Bavarian asankha iye malo rector wa yunivesite - sitepe anatengedwa cholinga cha ntchito chifukwa cha dzanja lamanja la Hitler kuteteza bungwe la Nazi mwai. Carl Hess analimbikitsa kusiya chiwembu. Komano, Hess kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Dipatimenti ya chitetezo kwa Haushofer madera kapena geopolitics, koma Nduna ya Culture Bavarian kumkana Iye ichi. Haushofer anakhalabe membala wa Munich kulamulira madera amene zotumphukira, ngakhale udindo wake wakula kwambiri mu diso anthu.

German dziko

Mu ulamuliro wa Nazi, iye anali ndi maudindo akuluakulu mu mabungwe atatu ofunika Kukwezeleza chikhalidwe German ndi German kunja. The Nazi Party, iye sanapite, chifukwa pali mapulogalamu ambiri ndi makhalidwe zosavomerezeka. M'malo mwake, iye anayesa kuti ndi mbali ya mkhalapakati wa chipani ndipo sanali gulu mamembala, ngakhale sizinatheke, chifukwa kukula kuthamanga nazification ndi kusakaniza ndale ndi infighting kuti zinkachitika mu gulu ndi boma zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa Nazi.

Mu 1933 Hess anali kuyang'anira zochitika fuko la Germany, analenga Board ku Germany mitundu, amene mutu anakhala Haushofer. Council ndi mphamvu kuchita mfundo cha ku Germany mitundu kunja. Haushofer anali ntchito yaikulu ya liaising ndi Hess ndi mabungwe ena Nazi. A nkhondo chidwi ndi akuluakulu a chipani zinachititsa kuti yanyumba ya Board mu 1936

Komanso mu 1933, Academy mantha nazification, Haushofer anapereka kutenga malo ofunika kwambiri. Membala wa Academy mu 1925 anasankhidwa prezidenti mu 1933 ndiponso mtsogoleri mu 1934. Ngakhale Karl anasiya positi chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi utsogoleri, iye anakhalabe membala wa bungwe mkati monga nthumwi mpaka kalekale Hess mpaka 1941

Bungwe lachitatu zofunika, limene kwa nthawi zina ankapita ndi wasayansi, anali Union cha anthu kwa Germany ndi chikhalidwe German kunja. Pa njira imene Hess, Haushofer anakhala tcheyamani ake mu December 1938, namgwira udindo uwu mpaka September 1942, kusewera udindo wa mukuyerekezera, monga poyamba anali ndi wogwirizana palokha anakhala propaganda chida cha mfundo zazikulu za German Ulamuliro wa Nazi.

Malingaliro ndi ziphunzitso

kuwuka Nazi ku mphamvu ya kumanzere chizindikiro pa ntchito asayansi, ngakhale zambiri mu mawonekedwe kuposa amanena. Izi zimaonekera makamaka monograph wake lalifupi "National Socialist maganizo kaonedwe lonse" (1933), lomwe ndi mndandanda wa "New Ulamuliro wa Nazi 'Academy unayambitsidwa. Mu Socialism ake National anaoneka monga gulu lonse yosintha dziko, ndi makamaka okhudza malo mphamvu ya m'madera osauka, kumene wolemba anayesedwa Germany, Italy ndi Japan. Mu 1934 iye anatsatira ambiri zimafalitsidwa "Contemporary World Ndale" (1934) - wotchuka Digest kale lofalitsidwa mfundo kuthandiza mfundo za mu ndondomeko Nazi yachilendo, kuti mpaka 1938 pafupifupi chinachitikira pamodzi ndi zolinga za Haushofer. Mwa mabuku ambiri pa Japan, Ulaya ndipo Affairs International, kusindikizidwa pambuyo 1933, "nyanja ndi mphamvu dziko" (1937) ankaimba udindo wapadera. Iwo anali ogwirizana chiphunzitso geopolitical a Karl Haushofer, chimene mphamvu ya mphamvu nyanja yaikulu.

imfa mofulumira kukopa ndi kukula kukhumudwa mode zimaonetsa atakula, geopolitics atachoka ku yunivesite. Mu chaka chomwecho iye manyazi ndipo anasonyeza kupanda andale, loletsa kusindikiza kwachiwiri kwa buku "Malire" (1927) pambuyo Italy Zionetsero boma zokhudza tanthauzo lake la German mtundu mu South Tyrol. Komanso, pambuyo akuchita ntchito ya mlangizi pa Conference Munich mu September 1938, zomwe zinachititsa kuti analanda dziko la Sudetenland ndi, Carl anavomereza kuti malangizo ake kuti Hitler kupewa patsogolo sizikugwiridwa pa kufunafuna wopondereza cha nkhondo ya dziko lonse.

Chiphunzitso cha chokhala chipika Karla Hauskhofera anakhala imodzi mwa mfundo zake zofunika kwambiri. Izo zinali zochokera pangano pakati Berlin, Moscow ndi Tokyo. ntchito yagwiridwira kwa August 1939 mpaka December 1940, mpaka anaikidwa m'manda mu Germany nkhondo ndi USSR. Chiphunzitso za tsogolo la nkhondo pakati msilikaliyo ndi mayiko chokhala.

Karl Haushofer - woyambitsa ndi chiphunzitso cha chipika chokhala - otsutsa ndi ankhanza kwambiri Poland zinachititsa kuti akuthandizani mwachangu Molotov-Ribbentrop ke, kuthetsa dziko.

kuwonongeka

Popeza kuti mapeto a 1940, ndipo Karl Albrecht, pamodzi ndi Hess ankafufuza kuthekera mtendere ndi Britain. Izo zinatha ndi kuthawira Hess kuti Scotland May 10, 1941, pamene iye analankhula kuwopsyeza, amafanana kakang'ono dongosolo mtendere wasenza ndi Albrecht. Chifukwa, Haushofer anataya osati mtetezi wake, zimenezo zinali zofunika, za chiyambi Ayuda Martha, koma kunayambitsa kukaikira ndi chisamaliro chapadera. Carl mafunso ndi apolisi, ndi Albrecht anamaliza kwa masabata 8. Adamtsata Haushofer kumusamalira onse malo wotanganidwa ndale ndi tokha kudzipatula kwa September 1942 mu Bavarian Manor. zinthu ake anakula pambuyo kuphedwa chiwembucho Hitler July 20, 1944, monga Albrecht nawo gululi, amene anapanga bungwe. Charles anaikidwa kwa masabata 4 Dachau ndi ana ake anamangidwa mu Berlin. Pali Albrecht anaphedwa SS April 23, 1945 Heinz anapulumuka pa nkhondoyo ndipo anakhala wotchuka Katswiriyu ndi mtetezi wa miyala banja.

Nkhondo itatha, utsogoleli US Haushofer adamfunsa zokhudza ntchito yake ndi zochitika za ndale, koma kodi kukopa kugwira nawo mu Nuremberg Mayesero, monga udindo wake kunali kovuta kutsimikizira nkhondo. Anakakamizika kulenga chikalata amayenera kupulumutsa m'mibadwo yanu ku geopolitics German. Pambuyo ntchito linalembedwa mwachidule "Chitetezo cha geopolitics German" (1946), umene salinso akufotokoza ndi cholakwika ntchito zake koposa kupepesa kwa iwo, 10 March 1946, Karl Haushofer ndi mkazi wake anadzipha.