Laser olimba: mfundo zikugwira ntchito yache

Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza zimene muli akasupe cheza monochromatic nanga ubwino olimba boma laser pa mitundu ina. Apa tikuuzidwa mmene pali m'badwo cheza coherent, chifukwa zimachitika chipangizo champhamvu kwambiri, kodi chofunika chosema. Palinso ankaona atatu chofunika laser amafotokozera ndi momwe ntchito.

chiphunzitso gulu

Tisanafotokoze kulankhula za mmene ntchito ya laser (boma olimba, mwachitsanzo), muyenera kuganizira ena chitsanzo thupi. Ndi maphunziro kusukulu akukumbukira kuti ma elekitironi padziko phata la imakonzedwa m'njira yeniyeni kapena milingo mphamvu. Ngati nazo zathu atomu imodzi, ndipo kwambiri, ndiye tikambirana iliyonse thupi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, pali vuto lina.

Malinga ndi Pauli Mfundo mu thupi ili ndi chimodzi ndi mphamvu yomweyo kungakhale elekitironi imodzi yokha. Choncho ngakhale mbewu zing'onozing'ono lili ambiri maatomu. Nature wapeza Pankhaniyi achisomo kwambiri kuchoka - mphamvu iliyonse mphamvu elekitironi wosiyana ndi pafupi ndi laling'ono kwambiri, pafupifupi indiscernible kuchuluka. Pankhaniyi ma elekitironi onse a msinkhu wina wa "mbamuikha" mu gulu mphamvu umodzi. Lomwe ili kutali kwambiri kuchokera ma elekitironi pachimake, wotchedwa valence. Tsatirani malo ake ali ndi mphamvu apamwamba. Ndi ma elekitironi kusuntha momasuka, ndipo akutchedwa conduction gulu.

Umuna ndi mayamwidwe

laser iliyonse (olimba boma, gasi, mankhwala) amagwira ntchito pa mfundo za elekitironi kusintha kwa zone wina ndi mzake. Ngati thupi lanu poyera kuti kuwala, ndi fotoni kuti elekitironi ndi amapereka mphamvu zokwanira kuti iye anali mu mkhalidwe mphamvu apamwamba. Tikawonetsetsa, pamene elekitironi inayake anasamutsidwa ku conduction gulu kuti valence, izo limatulutsa ndi fotoni. Ngati nkhaniyo ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi kapena insulator, ndi valence ndi conduction gulu ali olekanitsidwa ndi imeneyi imene palibe mulingo. Choncho, ma elekitironi sangakhale kumeneko. imeneyi akutchedwa kusiyana gulu. Ngati fotoni ali mphamvu mokwanira, ma elekitironi kulumpha kugonjetsa imeneyi ili.

m'badwo

Mfundo opaleshoni ya laser olimba boma zachokera chakuti thunthu mu zone choletsedwa analenga otchedwa wosanjikiza Imatithandiza. Elekitironi moyo pa mlingo ali kuposa pamene anali mu conduction gulu. Choncho, nthawi zina yochuluka pa izo "kudziunjikira" ma elekitironi. Zimenezi zimatchedwa anthu inversion. Pamene mlingo ndi ma elekitironi lili, ndi fotoni apatsira timaganiza ankafunila, izo zimayambitsa m'badwo munthawi yomweyo ambiri kutalika zofanana ndi gawo mafunde kuwala. Ndiko kuti, ma elekitironi ndi chigumukire zonse mwakamodzi boma nthaka, kupoletsa mtengo wa photons monochromatic mokwanira mkulu mphamvu. Tikumbukenso kuti vuto lalikulu la chitukuko woyamba laser anali kupeza osakaniza ngati zinthu zimene zingatheke anthu inversion mmodzi wa zimatiyika. The kugwira ntchito sing'anga aloyi zitsulo rube.

The zikuchokera laser ndi

Olimba boma laser pa zigawo zazikulu ndi osiyana ndi mitundu ina. Madzimadzi ntchito, zimene anthu inversion mmodzi wa zimatiyika, akuunika gwero kuwala. Njirayi imatchedwa ikukoka. kawirikawiri akhoza kukhala zabwinobwino incandescent nyali kapena gasi kumaliseche chubu. kufanana awiri anakafika mapeto a ntchito madzimadzi (olimba boma laser galasi adzatenge, mpweya - wosatsogoleredwa mlengalenga) kupanga dongosolo la kalirole, kapena resonator kuwala. Iwo amatenga mu mtengo okhawo photons kuti ndi kufanana kwa kubwereketsa lapansi. Amawapopa olimba boma lasers ambiri kumachitika kudzera nyali kung'anima.

Mitundu ya lasers olimba boma

Malinga akafuna linanena bungwe laser mtengo kusiyanitsa lasers mosalekeza ndi pulsed. Aliyense wa iwo ntchito ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe yake. Waukulu kusiyana - pulsed olimba boma lasers ndi mphamvu apamwamba. Popeza aliyense photons kuwombera ngati "kuchulukirachulukira", ndiye zimachitika munthu akhoza kupulumutsa mphamvu kuposa oscillation mosalekeza kwa nthawi imodzimodzi yomweyo. Zing'onozing'ono ndi zimachitika kumatenga, wamphamvu kwambiri lililonse "kuwombera". Pa mphindi, ndi sayansi zimatheka bwanji kumanga ndi laser femtosecond. Mmodzi wa zimachitika ake kumatenga za 10 ^-15 masekondi. kudalira otere akugwirizana chakuti anthu njira n'zosiyana monga tafotokozazi kumatenga kwambiri ochepa. The yaitali kudikira pamaso pako "mphukira" laser, ndi ma elekitironi kwambiri nthawi kusiya mlingo kukalowa. Choncho, yafupika ndende ndi fotoni mphamvu ya mtanda linanena bungwe.

laser chosema

Chito padziko zitsulo ndi galasi zinthu chokongoletsedwa ndi moyo munthu tsiku ndi tsiku. Iwo ungagwiritsidwe umakaniko, mankhwala kapena laser. The njira yamasika masiku ambiri. ubwino wake pa njira zina motere. Popeza zimakhudza mwachindunji padziko ntchito palibe, kuli kovuta kuwononga chinthu m'kati kutsatira chitsanzo kapena lolembedwa. The laser mtengo amayaka losaya kwambiri poyambira: pamwamba kolembedwa zotsalira yosalala, choncho chinthu si kuonongeka ndipo yayitali. Pankhani ya zitsulo laser mtengo samasintha dongosolo oipawo, ndi mawu ati zokha kwa zaka zambiri. Ngati chinthucho ntchito mosamala, musati kumiza mu asidi kapena deform, ndiye mibadwo ingapo ya chitsanzo pa molondola anapulumutsidwa. Laser chosema bwino kusankha olimba boma kusintha zifukwa ziwiri: ndondomeko mu zolimba savuta kusamalira, ndipo mulingo woyenera chiŵerengero cha linanena bungwe ndi mitengo.

unsembe

Chosema, pali unsembe wapadera. Kuwonjezera laser mwachindunji, iwo zigwirizana wa namulondola makina, imene laser amayendayenda, ndi zida polojekiti (kompyuta). Laser makina ntchito zamanja ambiri a zochita za anthu. Pamwamba tinakambirana za zokongoletsa zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwalamulo mafoloko ndi mipeni, ndi zoyatsira, magalasi, ulonda kwa nthawi yaitali tidzakhalabe banja ndipo kukumbutsidwa mphindi wachimwemwe.

Komabe, osati katundu m'banja komanso mafakitale amafuna laser chosema. zomera zikuluzikulu monga galimoto, anamasulidwa tsatanetsatane wa nambala yaikulu: masauzande kapena mamiliyoni. Wachina chilichonse ayenera chizindikiro - pamene ndi amene analenga izo. Njira yabwino kuposa laser chosema, kupeza sanali, kumasulidwa nthawi, moyo utumiki adzakhala yaitali ngakhale magawo kusunthira, amene adakula chiopsezo kumva kuwawa. Laser makina, mu nkhani iyi ayenera yodziwika ndi mphamvu okwera kuti mupulumuke. Ndipotu, ngati chosema osachepera nusu ya kusintha peresenti ya katundu wa mbali zitsulo, akhoza kutani mosiyana zikuchitika kunja. Mwachitsanzo, yopuma kufika ntchito bokosiyo. Komabe, oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zapakhomo chosavuta ndi mtengo unsembe.