Chavuta mdima? ngati kanthu mdima alipo?

Funso chiyambi cha chilengedwe, zake zakale ndi tsogolo la anthu adabvutika kuyambira nthawi makedzana. Kwa zaka zambiri, chiphunzitso adanyamuka ankakanizidwa, kupereka chithunzi cha dziko, zochokera deta ndizodziwikiratu. mantha mokwanira dziko sayansi anakhala chiphunzitso Einstein wa relativity. Iye amapanga amathandiza kwambiri kuti kamvedwe ka njira kuti kuumba chilengedwe. Komabe, chiphunzitso cha relativity sangathe amati ndi choonadi wotsiriza, amene sikutanthauza aliyense pokha-mvu anali. Kuwonjezera umisiri asiya zakuthambo kuti atulukira kale Sindingachite yomwe inkafuna latsopano ongolankhula chimango kapena kuwonjezeka kwambiri mwa zinthu zilipo. Chimodzi mwa zinthuzo linali vuto mdima. Koma zinthu oyamba.

Milandu masiku makedzana

Kwa kamvedwe ka mawu akuti "nkhani mdima" kubwerera ku chiyambi cha m'ma lomaliza. Ngakhale chogwidwa kumvetsetsa chilengedwe monga kapangidwe n'kupuma. Nthawiyi, chiphunzitso ambiri relativity (GTR) ankaganiza kuti pakapita nthawi mphamvu ya kukopa zidzapangitsa kuti "kutsekereza" zinthu danga koyilo limodzi, kudzakhala otchedwa yokoka kugwa. Pakati pa zinthu danga, palibe mphamvu chonyansa. kukondana imalipidwa ndi mphamvu centrifugal kulenga gulu okhazikika nyenyezi, mayiko ndi matupi ena. Choncho anathandiza dongosolo mgwirizano.

Pofuna kupewa kugwa kwa chilengedwe ongolankhula, Einstein anayambitsa Cosmological zonse - phindu chifukwa mu dongosolo ndi chifunirocho khazikika, koma anatulukira opanda chifukwa chenicheni.

Chilengedwe kuwonjezera

Kompyuta ndi kutsegula Friedmann ndi Hubble asonyeza palibe kuswa maikwezhoni wochepa wa relativity ambiri ntchito zonse latsopano. Izo zatsimikiziridwa, ndi lero mfundo imeneyi pafupifupi aliyense kukaika kuti thambo likukula, zinali kamodzi chiyambi ndi stationarity wa kulankhula sindingakhoze kupita. pofuna kukwaniritsa ankaganizira zinachititsa kuti chiphunzitso Big Bang. Chitsimikizo chachikulu cha mfundo yatsopano - anaona kuwonjezeka pa nthawi, mtunda wa pakati nyenyezi. Ndi muyeso wa mlingo wa kuchotsedwa kwa wina machitidwe ena pafupi danga ndipo zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa amanena kuti pali mdima kanthu ndi mphamvu mdima.

deta si zogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso

Frits Tsvikki mu 1931, ndipo kenako Jan Oort mu 1932 ndipo mu 1960 chinkhoswe mu kuwerengera kulemera kwa chinthu mu kuwundana akumidzi nyenyezi ndi ubale wake ndi liwiro patali wina ndi mzake. Nthawi, asayansi ndi maganizo omwewo: chiwerengero cha zinthu ngati zimenezi si zokwanira yokoka analengedwa ndi iwo akanakhoza zigwirizana pamodzi nyenyezi kusuntha imathamanga ngati mkulu. Zwicky ndi Oort hypothesized kuti pali misa zobisika za nkhani mdima wa chilengedwe chonse, salola zinthu danga mphepo madera osiyana.

Komabe, kungoganizira wapeza kuzindikira dziko sayansi okha makumi asanu ndi awiri, pambuyo kulengeza za zotsatira za Ruby Faith. Iwo anamanga kasinthasintha zokhotakhota kuti zimasonyeza kudalira wa mathamangidwe wa Way yachabechabe mtunda umene umawalekanitsa iwo kuchokera pakati dongosolo. Mosiyana ndi kopanda ongolankhula anali kuti liwiro la nyenyezi mtunda sasiya kuchokera pakati galactic, ndi kukula. Kufotokoza khalidwe akanakhoza kokha zounikira pamaso pa nyenyezi kampira, chomwe chimadzaza nkhani mdima. Zakuthambo ndi anakumana ndi gawo unexplored kwathunthu kwa chilengedwe chonse.

Katundu ndi zikuchokera

Mtundu uwu wa nkhani mdima otchedwa chifukwa sangathe kuona mwa njira iliyonse alipo. kwake chimatengedwa ndi umboni umboni: nkhani mdima amalenga munda yokoka si kwathunthu kukana mafunde mu atomu.

Ntchito yaikulu kwambiri kuti zayamba kale sayansi, anali kupeza yankho la funso la chimene ali pa nkhani imeneyi. Astrophysics anayesa "lembani" kabwerebwere baryon mankhwala ake (baryonic nkhani imakhala mapulotoni kwambiri kapena zochepa kuphunzira, neutrons ndi ma elekitironi). Mu kuunika kozungulira mutu mdima wa nyenyezi m'gulu otsika emissivity yaying'ono nyenyezi monga atumiki zofiirira ndi lalikulu, ndi kulemera pafupi dziko Jupiter. Komabe, mfundo zimenezi sangaime chofufuzidwa. nkhani Baryonic, ndi bwino ndi odziwika, kotero, sangathe mbali yofunika kwambiri mu misa wobisika wa nyenyezi.

Lero, kufunafuna zigawo zosadziwika nawo sayansi. zofufuza othandiza mogwirizana ndi sayansi chiphunzitso SUSY microcosm, umene aliyense tinthu kudziwika alipo SUSY nthunzi. Kuti ndi iwo amene amapanga kanthu mdima. Komabe, umboni kuti kuli particles ngati sanathe analandira mpaka mwina mlandu wa posachedwapa.

mphamvu mdima

Kupezeka kwa mtundu watsopano wa nkhaniyi sinathe pali zodabwitsa kuti anakonza chilengedwe asayansi. Mu 1998, astrophysicists anapereka mwayi wina kuyerekeza ziphunzitso izi ndi zoona. Chaka chino unali wotchuka ndi kuphulika kwa supernova ndi mu Way kutali kwa ife. Zakuthambo anayezanso kuti ndi anadabwa kwambiri deta analandira: nyenyezi chinalimba kwambiri kuposa izo zimayenera kukhala molingana ndi chiphunzitso alipo. Anapeza kuti nthawi zingawathandize zikuchulukirachulukira: izo tsopano ndi apamwamba kuposa izo zinali zaka 14 biliyoni zapitazo, pamene mwina panali kuphulika kwakukulu.

Monga amadziwika kuti imathandizira kayendedwe ka thupi, m'pofunika kupereka mphamvu. Mphamvu imene imapangitsa chilengedwe kukuza mofulumira, anadziwika monga mphamvu mdima. Izi suli mbali zochepa chinsisi cha chilengedwe kuposa vuto mdima. Ife tikungodziwa kuti amakhala ndi yunifolomu kufalitsidwa m'chilengedwe chonse, ndi mmene iye akhoza kukalembetsa okha kutalika kwa mitunda dziko.

Kachiwiri, zonse Cosmological

mphamvu mdima kugwedezeka chiphunzitso cha phwaa chachikulu. Mbali ya asayansi akukayikira kuti n'zotheka ngati mankhwala, ndipo chinam'chititsa mofulumira kukula. Ena astrophysicists akuyesera kutsitsimutsa aiwala Einstein a Cosmological zonse zomwe kachiwiri ku gulu la zolakwa asayansi aakulu mukhoza kupita mu chiwerengero cha malingaliro ntchito. kubwera kwake mu maikwezhoni ndi amapanga antigravity, zikubweretsa mathamangitsidwe wa kufutukukako. Komabe, ena zotsatira za kukhalapo kwa nthawi zonse Cosmological si zogwirizana ndi deta taona.

Lero, mdima kanthu ndi mphamvu mdima amene amapanga kwambiri za nkhaniyi m'chilengedwe chonse - kum'tanthauzira kwa asayansi. Yankho wopezeka pa funso la chikhalidwe chawo kumeneko. Komanso, sungakhalitse chinsinsi chimene chimatilepheretsa danga. Mdima kanthu ndi mphamvu zikhoza kukhala chiyambi kutulukira zinthu zatsopano kuti akhoza asinthe maganizo athu a loukitsa Akufa.