Cholinga cha Mpatuko Wachitatu. Zolinga za Crusade yachitatu ndi zotsatira

Mu 2011, Papa Benedict XVI anapepesa chifukwa cha nkhondo zachipembedzo. Zoonadi, ndi zovuta kulingalira chinthu china chosiyana ndi chachilendo kuposa nkhondo m'dzina la Khristu, mothandizidwa ndi mfundo yosatsutsa zoipa ndi chiwawa. Komabe, monga akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanenera, zolinga zachipembedzo sizinali zifukwa zikuluzikulu zochitira, mwachitsanzo, mafumu anai amphamvu a ku Ulaya kuti apite kukagonjetsa Yerusalemu kuchokera ku Arabu mu 1189. Kotero zolinga za nkhondo yachitatu zinali zotani? Kodi ndi liti ndipo latha liti?

Zochitika Zoyamba

Mu 1183, mmodzi wa atsogoleri akuluakulu a dziko lachi Islam pa nthawiyi - Saladin - adagonjetsa mizinda yofunika kwambiri ya Aleppo ndi Mosul. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti mphamvu yowoneka ku Middle East, yomwe idapseza kwambiri maiko achikhristu. Komabe, olamulira a akuluakulu a chipani cha Crusader anali ndi zipolowe zapakati ndi zovuta ndipo sanazindikire kuti anali atazunguliridwa kumbali zonse ndi mdani mmodzi, motero anali wamphamvu kwambiri ndi gulu lalikulu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, iwo sanasiye kuchitira nkhanza Asilamu. Makamaka, tsiku lina mpukutu wa Reno de Chatillon, yemwe adagwidwa ndi zifwamba za amphaka ochokera ku Aigupto, adanyoza Saladin, kumugwirira mlongo wake, yemwe adapita kwa chibwenzi chake. Pachifukwa ichi, sanalandire chilango chochokera kwa mfumu ya Baldwin the Fourth ya Yerusalemu, yomwe inachititsa kuti Asilamu ayambe nkhondo, nkhondo yofunika kwambiri - nkhondo ya Hatinna - inachitikira mu 1187 ndipo idatha pa kugonjetsedwa kwa akhristu. Komanso, mabungwe awo akuluakulu a asilikali - malamulo a Templars ndi Hospitallers - anawonongedwa ndi Saracens, ndipo panalibenso wina woteteza Yerusalemu. Chotsatira chake, mu September 1187 mzindawu unaperekedwa ku chifundo cha Saladin, yemwe adaonetsa kuti anthu analibe umunthu panthawiyo, kumasula anthu onse a m'tawuni, kuphatikizapo asilikali, kuti apereke dipo laling'ono.

Kukonzekera ndi Cholinga 3 cha Nkhanza (mwachidule)

Nkhani za zochitika izi zinadza ku Ulaya patapita miyezi ingapo. Papa sakanatha kuthandizira kuti "gulu lankhondo lachikhristu" lichite nawo nkhondo ndipo posakhalitsa analengeza kwa Akatolika padziko lonse cholinga cha nkhondo yachitatu, yomwe inali kubwerera ku Yerusalemu ndi kulanga Saracens.

Komabe, aliyense wa mafumu atatu, omwe adaonetsa kuti akufuna kupita kunkhondo "chifukwa cha ulemerero wa Khristu," anali ndi zolinga zawo. Choncho, cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo yachitatu chidawonetsedwa ndi Richard the Lionheart, yemwe adangoyamba kulowa mu mpando wachifumu wa Chingerezi, ngati mwayi wodzitamandira yekha ndi ntchito zamphamvu ndikugonjetsa msilikali wamkulu. Koma mfumu ya France Phillip Wachiwiri ndi mfumu ya Germany Frederick the First, idali ndi chiyembekezo cholimbitsa mphamvu zawo m'mayiko awo, kuchotsa zida zotsutsana, komanso kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo pazandale zadziko. Kotero, panalibe mgwirizano pakati pa atsogoleri achikhristu, ndipo aliyense wa iwo ankafuna kuchita yekha. Chifukwa chake, pokamba za momwe nkhondo yachitatu (1189-1192) inalili komanso cholinga chake, munthu ayenera kuganizira za kayendetsedwe ka asilikali a Britain, German ndi German, komanso zochita za akuluakulu awo osiyana.

Kulankhula kwa Richard the Lionheart ndi Philip Wachiwiri

Asanatumize ku Palestina, a British adakwanitsa kulipira ndalama zambiri kuposa mayiko ena omwe adagwira nawo ntchito. Chowonadi n'chakuti ambiri ogulitsa ndalama ku Britain adakhulupirira kuti cholinga cha nkhondo yachitatu chinali kupindulitsa kwa mfumu mopanda phindu chifukwa cha zikhulupiliro zomwe zingathetsedwe ngati Asilamu ndi Ayuda akugonjetsa, motero iwo anapereka ndalama za Richard mwa kutenga mfumu Padziko lapansi. Pamene lamulo linatulutsidwa kuti liyankhule, asilikaliwo ananyamula ngalawa ndikupita ku Dziko Loyera ndi nyanja. Mfumuyo inapita ku Italy, kukakumana ndi mfumu ya ku France. Popeza kuti Richard ndi asilikali a Philippe anayenda pang'onopang'ono, anafika ku Sicily kokha m'dzinja, ndipo gulu la asilikali a Crusaders liyenera kukhala m'nyumba zogona komanso kuyembekezera masika. Pa nthawi yopuma, mfumu ya England inatha kukangana ndi mfumu ya Germany, ndipo a French adachoka ku Palestina mwezi wa March popanda mgwirizanowo, pamene adadziwitsidwa kuti udindo wa Akristu akumenewo unali woipitsitsa kwambiri.

Kutengedwa kwa Kupro

Mfumu Richard adapita mu April 1191. Komabe, panjira yomwe anayenera kulanda Cyprus, pamene wolamulira wa m'deralo anam'kwatira mkwatibwi wake Berengaria wa Navarre. A Chingerezi analibe mphamvu zokwanira kuti agwire chilumbachi kwa nthawi yaitali. Kuwonjezera apo, cholinga cha nkhondo yachitatu chinali chosiyana kwambiri, choncho anachigulitsa pa nthawi ya Guy de Lusignan. Panthawi imeneyo anthu ambiri ankaona kuti mfumu ya Yerusalemu, yomwe inagwidwa ndi Saladin, ndiyo inagonjetsa ndalama zokhazokha monga Cyprus chifukwa cha ndalama zake zopanda pake, komanso kuti akakamize Richard kuti alowe nawo ku Aqra, kumene asilikali a Philip anali atakhala kale. Izi sizinafanane mwanjira ina iliyonse ku cholinga chenicheni cha Mpatuko Wachitatu, koma chinali chopindulitsa kwa Lusignan.

Mawu a Friedrich Barbarossa

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti zolinga za nkhondo yachitatu, zomwe zidagonjetsedwa ndi kutsutsana kwapakati, zikanapindula ngati zikanatsogozedwa ndi mfumu ya Germany. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Friedrich Barbarossa pa nthawiyo anali wamkulu komanso wodziwa zambiri kuposa mafumu ena awiriwo. Anakonzekera bwino mawu ake, pomaliza mgwirizano ndi mfumu ya Byzantine, yomwe inafotokozeratu zinthu monga kupereka chakudya kwa asilikali achi Germany pamtengo wotsika mtengo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Friedrich anayambitsa masewera awiri ndipo anayamba kukambirana ndi a Serbs ndi Bulgaria, okonzeka kupandukira Byzantium ndikuzindikira mphamvu zake kuti apatsidwe maudindo ena. Kotero, ngakhale pachiyambi cholinga cha Mpatuko Wachitatu chinasankhidwa ngati kumasulidwa kwa Yerusalemu, Mfumu ya Germany inkayikira kwa kanthaŵi, komanso ngati kuyambitsa nkhondo ndi Byzantium pofuna ulamuliro ku Balkan.

Imfa ya Barbarossa

Khalani monga momwe zingakhalire, kumapeto kwa March, 1191, kudutsa kwa asilikali a Germany ku Bosporus kunayamba. Kuwonjezera apo, njira yawo inadutsa m'dera la Asia Minor lomwe linali ndi anthu a Seljuk Turks, omwe nthawi zambiri ankaukira ndi kufooketsa gulu la asilikali a nkhondo. Kuwalanga, nkhondo inaperekedwa pafupi ndi mzinda wa Ikoniyo, pambuyo pake asilikali a Germany adalandira ndalama zambiri zopereka ndi kubzala. Pomalizira pake, ankhondo achijeremani analoŵa m'dera la ufumu wa Cilician Armenian, umene nthaŵi zambiri unali wochezeka kwa Akunkhondo. Komabe, pa June 9, pamene adadutsa mtsinje wamkuntho wa Kalikadn (Selif), mfumu yachikulireyo inagwa kuchokera ku kavalo kupita kumadzi ndi zida zankhondo ndikumira. Nkhani ya chochitika ichi idakondweretsa kwambiri Saladin, yemwe adadziwa kuti cholinga cha nkhondo yachitatu ndi akhristu sizingatheke kukwaniritsidwa. Friedrich atamwalira, ambiri mwa asilikali ake anabwerera kwawo, ndipo gulu laling'ono linapita ku Akra, kumene kunalibe.

Kuzungulira Aqra ndi Nkhondo ya Arsuf

Monga momwe olemba mbiri ambiri amavomerezana, yankho la funso la cholinga choyambirira cha nkhondo yachitatu chikhoza kukhala chimodzi - kuzungulira Yerusalemu. Komabe, n'zovuta kuti munthu wamakono amvetse chifukwa chake, mmalo mopita ku Mzinda Woyera, magulu a mafumu achikristu kwa zaka zitatu akhala akuzungulira Akra, omwe alibe chofunikira kwambiri. Ndipo panthawiyi anakangana kwambiri, ndipo atagonjetsedwa mumzinda wa Siriya, King Richard yekhayo adali ndi asilikali, atsogoleri ambiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana omwe anali ndi zida zawo, komanso makina a Templars ndi Hospitallers. Zotsalira izi za ankhondo a Otsutsawo zinasintha kupita ku Arsuf ndipo pa September 7 anagonjetsa gulu la Saracens. Ndiye iwo anapita ku Yerusalemu, ndipo Richard anamva kuti iye sali wokonzeka kupitiriza nkhondo, ndipo adafunsa Saladin kuti amve. Komabe, wolamulira wa Asilamu adamkana, pozindikira kuti cholinga cha nkhondo yachitatu sichitha kukwaniritsidwa, Akhristu sakanatha kubwerera ku 1096-1099, ndipo sakanakhoza kuukitsa ufumu wa Yerusalemu womwe unakhazikitsidwa.

Mapeto a nkhondo

Atafika ku France, Mfumu Philippe adayamba kubwezera Richard chifukwa cha zonyansa zomwe anachita panthaŵiyi. Akumva kuti mpando wachifumu pansi pa iye ukhoza kuzungulira, mfumu ya England inatsiriza mtendere wamanyazi pamalopo a Saladin ndi kupita kwawo, kuchoka ku Yerusalemu m'manja mwa Asilamu.

Kodi cholinga cha Mpatuko Wachitatu chinalipo (patebulo pachaka)?

Kotero, kuyesa konse kwa dziko lachikhristu kubwerera ku dziko lopatulika kunali chabe, ndipo nsembe zazikulu zaumunthu sizinawatsogolere ku chirichonse. Pansipa pali gome limene mungatsatire mfundo zazikulu za zochitika zomwe tikuziganizira.

Kotero, ku funso la cholinga cha Nkhondo Yachitatu, yankho ndilo: kugonjetsedwa kwa Yerusalemu. Kuonjezerapo, tsopano mukudziwa mfundo zina zomwe zikufotokozera chifukwa chake sizinapindulitsidwe.