America a nkhondo ndi Vietnam: zifukwa. Vietnam nkhondo mbiri ndi United States, zaka, amene anapambana

The zifukwa chifukwa chimene nkhondo ya America ndi Vietnam, monga wamba lonse mu nkhondo pakati pa machitidwe awiri ndale. M'mayiko a ku Asia ankamenyana chikominisi ndi Western demokalase mfundo. nkhondo imeneyi inali yomwe akutchulidwa kwambiri padziko lonse atasemphana - Chidani nkhondo.

prerequisites

Mu zoyambirira za XX m'ma Vietnam, monganso mayiko ena kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, inali njuchi la France. dongosolo ili inasokoneza nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Vietnam woyamba anali wotanganidwa ndi Japan, ndiye panali kumbali ya chikominisi, anatsutsana ndi akuluakulu imperialist French. Izi mbali ya ufulu wa dziko walandira thandizo kwambiri ndi China. Kumeneko, pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, ulamuliro chikominisi unakhazikitsidwa definitively.

Kusiya Asia South-East, ku French kuzindikira zoti boma la South Vietnam. North wa dziko unali pansi pa Communist. Mu 1957, asamenyane mkati anayamba pakati modes awiri. Sinali nkhondo America ndi Vietnam, koma izo zinali pa nthawi imeneyo United States kwa nthawi yoyamba kanthu zinthu m'chigawochi.

Zinali ndiye pachimake anali Cold nkhondo. Kodi White House mphamvu zonse zotsutsana kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wina chikominisi dziko lirilonse la dziko, kaya imayendetsedwa ndi Soviet Union kapena China. Mu Pulezidenti Eisenhower, America poyera kumbali ya South Vietnamese Nduna NGO Dinh wotheratu, ngakhale kuti panopa si ntchito asilikali anu.

mafikidwe a nkhondo

Mtsogoleri wa Vietnamese Achikominisi anali Ho Chi Minh. Iye anakonza NLF - National Kumasuka Front la South Vietnam. Mu West, bungwe limeneli wakhala wotchuka ngati việt Cong. Othandiza wa Ho Shi Mina anachita bwino zigawenga nkhondo. Iwo anakhazikitsa bungwe kuukira ndipo kundivutitsa asilikali a boma. Chakumapeto 1961, Achimereka analowa asilikali oyamba Vietnam. mayunitsi Komabe, ang'onoang'ono. Poyamba, Washington anaganiza kuchepetsa kutumiza kwa Saigon alangizi asilikali ndi akatswiri.

Pang'onopang'ono, zinthu anakula wotheratu. Mu zinthu izi, nkhondo ya pakati America ndi Vietnam anakhala zambiri mosalephera. Mu 1953, wotheratu unagonjetsedwa ndi kuphedwa mu zokhumba ndi gulu lankhondo la South Vietnamese. Mu miyezi wotsatira, akuluakulu a boma Saigon mosintha anasintha kangapo. Opandukawo ntchito kufooka mdani ndipo anayamba kulamulira madera onse atsopano a dziko.

The kusiyana loyamba

Mu August 1964, America nkhondo ndi Vietnam wakhala dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa pafupi pambuyo nkhondo mu Gulf wa Tonkin, amene anakumana ndi American reconnaissance wowonongayo "Maddox" ndi oponya maboti NLF. Poyankha zimenezi, ndi US Congress walamulira Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson kuyamba m'ziwawa ntchito ku South-East Asia.

Mutu wa boma chifukwa nthawi zina anakonza njira mtendere. Iye anachita zimenezi madzulo a masankho mu 1964. Johnson anapambana zikomo kampeni ndi okonda mtendere apamwamba maganizo malingaliro "Mphamba" Barri Golduotera. Kufika pa White House, wandale anasintha maganizo ake n'kuyamba kukonzekera ntchito.

Vietcong pakali pano anagwira malo onse atsopano a kumidzi. Iwo anayamba kuukira mipherezero US kum'mwera kwa dziko. Chiwerengero cha asilikali US anali pafupi 23 zikwi anthu madzulo a analamula zonse za asilikali. Johnson tinaganiza kuti adzalande Vietnam pambuyo kuukira pa Vietcong American m'munsi mwa Pleiku.

analamula la asilikali

Tsiku, pamene nkhondo ndi Vietnam, America amaona March 2, 1965. Pa tsiku lino, US Air Force anayamba ntchito "bingu" - bomba zonse North Vietnam. Pambuyo ochepa kwambiri masiku kum'mwera kwa dziko yatera US Asilikali. maonekedwe ake chifukwa cha kufunika kuteteza pamalo abwino zofunika airfield Danang.

Tsopano izo sizinali basi Vietnamese yapachiweniweni nkhondo, ndi nkhondo US ndi Vietnam. Zaka kampeni (1965-1973) amaonedwa kukhala nthawi wamkulu mavuto dera. Patatha miyezi 8 pambuyo chiyambi cha nkhondo ya Vietnam anali oposa 180 zikwi US asilikali. Kutalika kwa nkhondoyo, chithunzi ichi chawonjezeka ndi katatu.

Mu August 1965 panali woyamba chachikulu nkhondo Vietcong ndi mphamvu pansi US. Zinali opareshoni "nyenyezi". Pankhondoyi chinalimba. A azimuth ofanana anapitiriza yophukira wa chomwecho, pamene dziko lonse anali kulalikira uthenga wabwino wa Nkhondo ya Ia Drang.

"Funani ndi kuwononga"

Zaka zinayi za phukusi mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1969, asilikali US anachita zikuluzikulu tiponye South Vietnam. Njira imene mfundo Army a US nthaŵi "kufufuza ndi kuwononga" anakamba mu-akulu William Westmoreland. machenjerero American anagawa m'dera la South Vietnam m'zigawo zinayi, amene amatchedwa nyumba.

M'nthawi ya chigawo, ili mwachindunji pafupi ndi katundu wa chikominisi, anachita Asilikali. Nkhondo ya pakati America ndi Vietnam, pali zinachitikadi motere. US Army mizu mizinda atatu (Phu Bai, Da Nang ndi chipinda), kenako kutisambitsa malo ozungulira. Opaleshoni imeneyi anatenga lonse 1966. Pa nthawi kumenyana zovuta apa. Poyamba, Achimereka anakana mphamvu NLF. Koma ndiye mu gawo la North Vietnam iwo ankamuyembekezera asilikali yaikulu ya boma.

A mutu lalikulu Achimereka anali DMZ (demilitarized zone). Kudzera mwa iye, ndi việt Cong anaponyedwa kum'mwera kwa dziko ambiri anthu ndi magalimoto. Chifukwa cha ichi, sitima Corps anayenera, pa dzanja limodzi, kuphatikiza mizinda yawo pa gombe, ndipo ena - lili ndi mdani m'dera DMZ. M'chaka cha 1966 "Opaleshoni Hastings" chinachitika mu zone ya demilitarized. cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa kulanda mphamvu NLF. M'tsogolo, sitima Corps lolunjika kwathunthu pa DMZ, yakupereka Coast m'ndende watsopano mphamvu American. The chikudalira kwambiri chifukwa osaima. Mu 1967, ku South Vietnam unakhazikitsidwa 23 oyenda Division wa United States, anakankhira mu anaiwalika atagonjetsedwa ya ulamuliro wa Hitler mu Europe.

The nkhondo m'mapiri

Mwatsatanetsatane Zone II Corps zokhudza phiri m'madera pafupi ndi malire a dziko Laos. Kudzera dera la Vietcong atagonjetsa ku Saroni. Mu 1965 Annamskih mapiri anayamba ntchito 1 apakavalo Division. M'dera la Ya-Drang Valley anasiya kuukira North Vietnam asilikali.

Kumapeto kwa 1966 mu mapiri anabwera 4 oyenda Division, United States (1 apakavalo anasamukira ku chigawo Bindan). Iwo mothandizidwa ndi asilikali Korea South, amene anafika ku Vietnam. Nkhondo ndi United States, chifukwa cha ndilo kusafuna wa mayiko Western kulekerera patsogolo chikominisi anakhudzidwa ndi anzawo Asian. Korea South mu 1950 anakumana wamagazi yake kulimbana ndi Korea North ndi anthu ake kuposa ena kumvetsa phindu la nkhondo zoterozo.

Kukwaniritsidwa kwa Nkhondo mu II Corps anali nkhondo ya Dactyl mu November 1967. America anakwanitsa zomvetsa katundu kusokoneza việt Cong zolawula. Nkhonyayo kwambiri ankatenga 173rd Airborne Brigade.

zochita zigawenga

America yaitali motero nkhondo ndi Vietnam zaka sanasiye chifukwa zigawenga ndi. Ndawala asilikali Vietcong anaukira zomangamanga mdani ndi mosavuta zobisika rainforest lapansi. Ntchito yaikulu ya ku America polimbana zigaŵenga zankhondo anali kuteteza mdani Saigon. M'madera pafupi ndi mzinda zone III casing unakhazikitsidwa.

Kuwonjezera pa South Korea, ogwirizana US ku Vietnam anali ku Australia. Asilikali yochokera mu dziko m'chigawo Fuoktuy. Apa timayenera msewu lalikulu nambala 13 limene limayamba mu Saigon, ndipo itha pa kumalire ndi Cambodia.

Mtsogolo, mu South Vietnam zapita angapo ntchito yaikulu: "Attleborough," "Junction City" ndi "Cedar Falls". Komabe, nkhondo zigawenga anapitiriza. Malo chachikulu chinali ankadziwana wa Mekong Mtsinje. m'dera uwu wadzadza ndi m'madambo, nkhalango ndi ngalande. Mbali khalidwe la ngakhale pamene nkhondoyo anakhalabe mkulu anthu kachulukidwe. Chifukwa zinthu izi zonse kwa nthawi yaitali ndi bwino anapitiriza ndi zigawenga nkhondo. US ndi Vietnam Mwachidule, anadwala yaitali kwambiri kuposa poyamba mwachidwi, mu Washington.

Khirisimasi zolawula

Kumayambiriro a 1968, ku North Vietnam anayamba Kuzinga American sitima Corps m'munsi Kheshan. Choncho anayamba Tet zolawula. Dzina limeneli kwa m'deralo chaka chatsopano. Kawirikawiri Tet escalation nkhondo ndi utachepa. nthawi iyi anali osiyana - nagonjetsa kusesa lonse la Vietnam. Nkhondo ndi United States, chifukwa umene unali intransigence a dongosolo awiri ndale, sanathe anamaliza bola onsewo sibwenzi kutha chuma chawo. Popeza anayamba zikuluzikulu kuukira malo mdani, Vietcong anaika pafupifupi ndi mphamvu zonse zilipo.

Zinaukilidwa mizinda ambiri, kuphatikizapo Saigon. Komabe, chikominisi anatengera okha azioneka - mmodzi wa mitu wakale wa dziko. Pa malo ena kuukira anali bwinobwino atathamangitsidwa. Ndi March, nagonjetsa petered kunja. Izo si akwaniritsa cholinga chake chachikulu: kulanda boma la South Vietnam. Komanso, Achimereka n'kuyambiranso azioneka. Nkhondo inali imodzi mwa kowopsa nkhondo. Vietnam ndi United States Komabe, anapitiriza kuphana. Ngakhale kuti kwenikweni analephera, Yehova anakhudzidwa kwambiri pa makhalidwe a ku America.

Mu US, ndi zikuluzikulu kuukira wa chikominisi chinaoneka monga kufooka Ankhondo US. A mbali yofunika youmba maganizo a anthu kusewera atolankhani. chidwi iwo analipira Nkhondo ya Khe Sanh. Manyuzipepala anadzudzula boma chifukwa cha ndalama yaikulu pa nkhondo wopusa.

Nthawiyi, m'chaka cha 1968 anayamba ndi America counteroffensive ndi anzawo. Pakuti bwinobwino ntchito asilikali tinapempha Washington kutumiza ku Vietnam asilikali oposa 200 zikwi. Pulezidenti Lindon Dzhonson sanayese n'komwe kutenga zimenezi. Anti-militarist amaganiza mu United States anayamba lalikulu yofunika ndale zoweta. Chifukwa, Vietnam wapita ndi zolimba pang'ono, ndipo kumapeto Marta Dzhonson analengeza kuthetsedwa ndi bomba la kumpoto kwa dziko.

Vietnamisation

yaitali Komabe kapena America a nkhondo ndi Vietnam, tsiku la achire wa asilikali US akupitirizabe likuyandikira. Kumapeto kwa 1968 ankamukonda chisankho cha Pulezident Richard Nikson. Iye pomenyera mawu Alimbana ndipo ananena kuti ankafunitsitsa kuona ndi "wolemekezeka mtendere". Against maziko awa, olimbikitsa, chikominisi ku Vietnam anakhala munthu woyamba kuukira zapansi US ndi maudindo kuti kufulumizitsa achire wa asilikali US dziko lawo.

Mu 1969, a Nixon Administration anakonza mfundo Vietnamisation ndondomeko. M'malo chiphunzitso cha "kufufuza ndi kuwononga". Mfundo yaikulu ya zinali zoona asanachoke dziko, Achimereka anali m'manja kulamulira m'malo awo boma Saigon. Masitepe umenewu ayamba pa maziko Kwachiwiri Tet zolawula. Iwo kamodzinso kuphimba lonse South Vietnam.

Mbiri ya nkhondo ndi United States ayenera kuti anali osiyana ngati achikomyunizimu analibe zapansi kumbuyo nalo la Cambodia. Mu dziko lino, komanso Vietnam, anadutsa atasemphana yapachiweniweni pakati pa mbali ya awiri machitidwe otsutsana ndale. M'chaka cha 1970 mphamvu kulanda boma ku Cambodia anagwira kapitawo Lon Nol kuugonjetsa Mfumu Norodom Sihanouk. Boma latsopano wasintha maganizo ake zigawengazo chikominisi ndipo anayamba kuwononga malo awo m'nkhalango. Sankasangalala ndi kuukira mu kumbuyo kwa Vietcong North Vietnam litalanda Cambodia. Lon Nola kuthandiza dziko mofulumira America ndi anzawo. Zimenezi anawonjezera nkhuni moto wa odana ndi nkhondo wokopa anthu mu States okha. Patapita miyezi iwiri, wapanikizidwa anthu chosakhutitsidwa Nixon analamula asilikali kuti mupewe Cambodia.

Nkhondo yomaliza

nkhondo ya Cold nkhondo inatha ndi kukhazikitsidwa kumeneko ya m'maulamuliro chikominisi m'mayiko lachitatu. Zinali nazonso, ndi America a nkhondo ndi Vietnam. Amene anapambana pa ntchito imeneyi? Vietcong. Pakutha nkhondo ndi makhalidwe a asilikali American wagwa kwambiri. asilikali kufalitsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ndi 1971, ku America asiya omwe ntchito zawo zikuluzikulu ndipo anayamba mwapang'onopang'ono asilikali.

Malinga ndi mfundo Vietnamisation udindo zimene zikuchitika m'dziko anagwa pa mapewa a boma Saigon - mu February 1971 ku South Vietnamese mphamvu anapezerapo "Opaleshoni Lam Shon 719". cholinga chake chinali kupondereza kulanda asilikali ndi zida otsutsa zigawenga, "Ho Shi Mina njira". N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nawo American mmenemo pafupifupi sanatenge.

Mu March 1972, North mphamvu Vietnamese anapezerapo latsopano lalikulu amanyansidwa Paskha. Pa nthawi imeneyi, asilikali 125,000th anathandiza mazana akasinja - zida omwe NLF kulibe pamaso. Achimereka sanali kuchita nawo nkhondo dziko, koma anathandiza South Vietnam mpweya. Ndi kuyamika thandizo, Achikominisi anakwanitsa kuletsa alimbane. Choncho nthawi Ine sindikanakhoza kuima pa nkhondo US ndi Vietnam. Infection wa zausilikali amaganiza mu United States Komabe, anapitiriza.

Mu 1972, akuluakulu a North Vietnam ndi United States anayamba nkhani Paris. mbali pafupifupi anavomera. Komabe, pa mphindi yotsiriza iye ankalowerera Pulezidenti Thieu la South Vietnam. Anakopa Achimereka kuika ndi mdani zinthu zosayenela. Motero, nkhani inawonongeka.

nkhondo akamaliza

The ntchito US lomaliza Vietnam anali mndandanda wa muofesiyo ndi bomba la North Vietnam kumapeto kwa December 1972. Iye anatchedwa kuti "Linebacker". Komanso munakhala dzina "Khirisimasi ndi bomba" ya opaleshoni. Iwo anali waukulu mu nkhondo lonse.

ntchito unayamba malamulo mwachindunji ku Nixon. pulezidenti anafuna monga nkhondo akhoza kutha mofulumira ndipo pomaliza anaganiza amaumiriza, chikominisi. Bomba anakweza Hanoi ndiponso mizinda ina yofunika kwambiri kumpoto kwa dziko. Pamene inatha nkhondo ya ku Vietnam ndi United States, zinadziwika kuti ndi "Linebacker" amakakamizidwa zipani kugwirizanitsa kusiyana mu zokambirana chomaliza.

The Army US ali sanasiyiretu Vietnam malinga ndi Paris Mtendere panganoli, yolembedwa January 27, 1973. Ndi tsiku dziko linali pafupifupi mamiliyoni 24 America. achire The inatha pa March 29.

Pangano mtendere amatanthauza chiyambi cha osayanjanitsika pakati pa mbali ziwiri za Vietnam. Ndipotu, izo sizinachitike. Popanda American South Vietnam anatsimikizira chitetezo ndi chikominisi ndipo anataya nkhondo, koma kumayambiriro kwa 1973 ngakhale anali ndi ukulu n'zosangalatsa kumva mphamvu asilikali. M'kupita kwa nthawi, United States unatha kupereka chithandizo cha ndalama kwa Saigon. Mu April 1975, achikomyunizimu potsiriza anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wake pa gawo lonse la Vietnam. Choncho mapeto a nthawi yaitali atasemphana mu dziko Asian.

Mwina United States ndi udzagonjetsere mdani, koma ntchito ka United States zatenganso maganizo a anthu kuti sakonda nkhondo America ndi Vietnam (mwachidule zotsatira za nkhondo kwazaka zambiri). Zochitika za kampeni kuti anasiya chizindikiro kwambiri pa chikhalidwe anthu ambiri theka lachiwiri la XX atumwi. Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo inapha 58.000 asilikali US.