Ophunzira Kampeni Chachitatu, cholinga cha

Misonkhano monga chodabwitsa asilikali achipembedzo anatuluka mu ulamuliro wa chi Roma Papa Gregory wa Seventh ndipo anauzidwa kuti usilikali ku "osakhulupirira" kwa Palestine ndi Yerusalemu kumene manda a Ambuye, ndi kufalikira kwa Chikhristu mwa asilikali zikutanthauza mwa amitundu, Asilamu, anthu a limati Orthodox ndi magulu ampatuko . Mu zaka wotsatira Nkhondo za Mtanda anali makamaka zachikunja za anthu limati Baltic, ndi yimitsira maonekedwe achikunja m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ku Ulaya, kapena kuthetsa mavuto a anthu amene anatsogolera mpando wachifumu mu Vatican.

A okwana yokopa naini asilikali. Kuti wofuna ophunzira waukulu mu Chachitatu Kampeni? Table ziri akuganizira zonena zawo kampeni makamaka lagawidwa motere:

Amene anapita ku Nkhondo za Mtanda?

mamembala wamba a Kampeni Chachitatu mu kapangidwe kake si wosiyana kwambiri chimadalira, amene anatenga gawo zochita zofanana kale. Mwachitsanzo, mu ulendo woyamba anali nawo olemekezeka ambiri French nthawi, amene ndi retinues awo ndi agulupa moyandikana ndi anthu wamba (panali ngakhale ana amene ali okonzeka kupita ku "Osakhulupirira" chifukwa cha lonjezano la papa ku chikhululukiro cha machimo onse) m'njira zosiyanasiyana anabwera Constantinople mu 1097 zinadutsa Bosphorus.

zikwi mazana atatu Akhristu nawo imodzi ya zofalitsa za

Chiwerengero cha Akhristu anafika pafupifupi mmodzi pa anthu atatu miliyoni. Patapita zaka ziwiri, kumenya nkhondo ku Yerusalemu, kudula mbali yaikulu ya anthu Muslim kuno. Ndiye Ankhondo ndi ankhondo anamenyana nkhondo ndi onse Asilamu ndi Ahelene, Byzantines, ndi ena. Anayambitsa limati angapo ku Lebanon, amene amalamulidwa ankadutsa Europe, China ndi India malinga ngati nthaka latsopano mu Asia anatseguka m'dziko kudzera East Russia. Russian malonda m'dziko ndi kuyesera kulamulira ndi Akhristu, kotero kumbali ya kayendedwe asilikali achipembedzo motalikitsa ukupezeka Baltic States.

Ancient Edessa monga chonamizira nkhondo

Ophunzira Kampeni Chachitatu (1147-1149) Ndipotu anali nawo chachiwiri Kampeni. chochitika komanso akuyamba ndi kufika ku Constantinople, Mfumu Conrad German ndipo asilikali ake mu 1147. The prerequisites kwa yoweyula chachiwiri cha nkhondoyi m'Dziko Woyera unali chakuti chitukuko Muslim anayambiranso kulalikira mwakhama kwambiri ndipo anayamba kubwerera kale analanda ake m'dziko. Kwenikweni, analandidwa Edessa, Yerusalemu anafa, Korol Fulk, amenenso chuma ku France, ndi mwana wake sanathe kupereka chitetezo chokwanira zinthu chifukwa kupanduka kwa atumiki.

St. Bernard anadalitsa Germany ndi French pa kuguba

Ophunzira Kampeni Chachitatu (makamaka chachiwiri, m'zaka za m'ma 12) anali okonzeka oposa chaka chimodzi. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti iye athe kutenga kuchita Papa Eugene lachitatu, amene Komabe, nthawi kuti anali wofooka monga ulamuliro wa mumaganiza za demokalase ku Italy (motsogozedwa ndi Arnold a Brescia). French wolamulira Louis wa Seventh, ndi Knight mzimu, nayenso, anakumana ena kusinthasintha, pamene nkhondo ake sanali akudalitseni Papa m'dzina la St. Bernard, amene anapereka ulaliki za kufunika kumasula Manda Opatulika ku 1146, mantha anthu a pakati ndi kumwera France. 3 mamembala Kampeni (mbiri yakale amamuona wachiwiri) anachokera France okwana anthu 70 sauzande, amene anagwirizana ndi njira imene anthu ambiri aulendo a. Patapita chaka chimodzi, St. Bernard otchedwa yoweyula womwewo wa gulu lina lotchuka la anthu German, pamene iye anafika pa ulendo Mfumu Conrad.

Kufika Bosphorus, Germany Mfumu Conrad anakumana ndi kukana kwa Seljuks, iwo hadakwanise kupita dziko ndipo pamapeto, anabwerera kumudzi (kuphatikizapo Conrad ndi Korol Lyudvig chiwiri). The French anapita m'mphepete mwa nyanja Asia Minor, ndi lodziwika kwambiri a iwo m'chombo ku Suriya 1148. asilikali Ground pafupifupi mphamvu zonse anasowa pa kusintha kwa. Edessa, anamenyedwa pa Akhristu pa "Osakhulupirira", kachiwiri anagonjetsedwa ndi Asilamu, Nur malonda Din analanda dziko pafupi ndi Antiokeya, Kurds, kutsogozedwa ndi amanyalanyaza anagonjetsa Iguputo, amene analamulira pambuyo wotchuka Saladin, kuwasokoneza ndi Muslim Syria, Damasiko ndi mbali ya Mesopotamia.

Aggravation ubale mu East atamwalira Baldwin Chachinayi

Masiku amenewo mu Yerusalemu, malamulo mwakayakaya ndi khate Baldwin chachinayi, amene anali nthumwi wabwino ndi bwino sanaloŵerere pakati pa Yerusalemu ndi ku Damasiko. Komabe, pambuyo pa imfa yake, wina GI De Luzinyan anakwatiwa ndi mlongo wa Baldwin, analalikira yekha Mfumu ya Yerusalemu ndi Saladin anayamba zoyambitsa nkhondo, imene yamasika kuposa chipambano, popeza anapambana Akhristu pafupifupi dziko lonse.

The Kupambana kwa asilikali a Saladin anatsogolera chakuti mu Europe panali gulu kuthekera mu Kampeni Chachitatu, amene ankafuna kubwezera pa iye. A kudzozedwa asilikali kummawa ndi madalitso a Papa anatsogolera Frederick Barbarossa, Korol Filipp Augustus II (French) ndi Richard ndi Lionheart - Mfumu ya England pa nthawi. Dziwani kuti Filipo ndi Richard bwino ankadana mzake. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti Philip anali katswiri wa intrigue (kuphatikizapo m'bale Richard, Yohane opanda minda, amene anatsogolera England, pakalibe wolamulira moyo), amene si wolemekezeka Goliyati English. Yotsirizira Komabe, anavutika kwambiri, osati akuyandama asilikali a boma.

Frederick Barbarossa anali ochenjera mkulu

kuchita zimenezi zinali pakati pa mutu wa boma - ophunzira Kampeni Chachitatu. Frederick Choyamba, amakhulupirira olemba mbiri ena, sizinali chokhudza ngati kukonzekera kampani yake Kummawa kwambiri. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti anali patsogolo ntchitoyi, nakhala nkhani Ufumu wa Byzantine, ndi Sultan wa Ikoniyo, ndipo mwina yekha yakumeneko Saladin. Mwa kugwirizana ndi Byzantine Mfumu ophunzira 3 nkhondo zomenyera analandira kwaulere kudutsa pansi ndi kupereka chakudya pa mitengo anakonzeratu. Chihangare Korol Bela, amene sankachita nawo msonkhano, anali ndi asilikali Barbarossa m'dziko njira yake mulingo woyenera. Koma pa njira yopita ku Germany anayamba kuukira gulu la achifwamba. Pakati pa Akhristu anayamba kulowa m'deralo amene sanakhutitsidwe ndi olamulira awo, omwe kuchuluka chiwerengero cha kumenyana ndi mfuti.

Kodi mavuto anakumana ophunzira German wa Kampeni Chachitatu? Friedrich 1 sankadziwa kuti atawoloka mtsinje wa Bosphorus mu March 1190 kale wotopa asilikali adzayenera kudutsa Asia Minor, pamaso pa ladziko nkhondo Seljuks, malo mavuto ndi nyama zonyamula katundu ndi zinthu zina. Mfumu ya Germany anapambana chigonjetso chachikulu pa Ikoniyo, koma Kilikiya, podutsa phiri mtsinje Salef Friedrich kutsamwa ndi kufa. Anawawononga bwino ogwira ntchito monga mbali ya Akhristu amayenera kubwerera ku Europe ndi nyanja, ndi gawo watsikira kwa Agra (waukulu cholinga ndawala), kutsogozedwa ndi Duke wa Swabia nawo nkhondo ndi Akristu ena.

Richard ndi Filipo ndi nyanja

Ena mkulu wa Kampeni Chachitatu (1189-1192) anadza kwa kuzinga Agra ndi asilikali ake m'chaka cha 1190. M'njiramo Richard anakwanitsa kugwila Cyprus. Koma Agra, makamaka chifukwa cha kusiyana Richard ndi Filipo, chinakhalapo mpaka chilimwe cha 1191, pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Part wa Ankhondo a French kenako anapitiriza kwawo motsogozedwa ndi mfumu yawo. Koma ena, monga Henry wa Shampeni, Burgundy, Hugo neri Al. Anatsala ku nkhondo Syria, kumene Saladin inapha anagonjetsedwa Arsuf, koma analephera kubwerera ku Yerusalemu. Mu September 1192 ophunzira za Kampeni Chachitatu yosainidwa ndi Sultan wa pangano mtendere umene Akristu akanangokhoza kukaona City Woyera. Richard ndi Lionheart n'kubwerera kwawo. Pafupifupi mu nthawi yomweyo anadza Teutonic dongosolo la Ankhondo, amene analandira mwa akatembenuka ndi German kuchipatala St. Mary fraternity bungwe pa nkhondo ya East.

Zotsatira za Nkhondo za Mtanda

Nanga zotsatira States lachitatu maphwando Kampeni? Tebulo limasonyeza kuti azungu ndi anthu a East, m'malo kuposa anataya ku zochitika zakale. Koma Dziwani kuti Nkhondo za Mtanda chifukwa sikuti anali ndi imfa ya anthu ambiri, ndi chifooke mitundu akale a boma, komanso zinathandiza kuti rapprochement pakati pa gulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi anthu, analimbikitsa chitukuko cha navigation ndi malonda, kufalikira kwa Chikhristu, interpenetration wa chikhalidwe cha East ndi West.