Chomera cha Powder wa Kazan: Mbiri ya Maphunziro

FKP "Chomera cha Kazan Powder" - lalikulu OPP, yomwe imapanga kupanga mfuti, milandu, mankhwala opangidwa ndi pyrotechnic ndi zinthu zina. Kwa mbiri ya zaka 228, mamiliyoni ambiri matani a mabomba a zolinga zosiyanasiyana atulutsidwa apa.

Maziko a malonda

Ndikumayambiriro kwa mayiko akummawa a Russia, panafunikira kupanga chomera cha ufa pafupi ndi ogula: oyendetsa, amalonda, ndi ogwira ntchito za migodi. Nyumba yomangidwira inasankhidwa ndi Kazan, yomwe ili pakati pa madzi ndi misewu. Malinga ndi a Kama, zida zinaperekedwa ku Mizinda ya Urals, kenako ku Siberia, komanso ku Volga ku Caucasus ndi Caspian.

Mbewu ya Powder ya Kazan inachitika mu 1788. Poyang'ana kuopsa kwa moto wa ntchitoyi, poyamba idapatsidwa ntchito yogwira ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali ndi udindo komanso omwe angathe kuthana ndi zida: asilikali ndi apolisi. Pambuyo pake, sukulu yapadera inakhazikitsidwa, kumene ana aamishonale ankaphunzitsidwa ntchito zoopsa. Pansi pa masitolo adakhazikitsidwa Powder Sloboda, apa antchito adapatsidwa malo oti azikhalamo.

Thandizo la Bambo

Mbewu ya ufa wa Kazan inadzaza ndi ntchito panthawi ya nkhondo, yomwe ili ndi mbiri yakale ku Russia. Nkhondo ndi Sweden, Turkey, Napoleon, zopempha za ku Ulaya zinafuna kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola. Izi zinapindula poonjezera kupanga. Ntchitoyi inakula, masitolo atsopano anatsegulidwa, ndipo sitimayo inabweretsedwanso kumunda. M'zaka 100 zoyambirira za ntchitoyi, chomeracho chinapanga zipolopolo 2 miliyoni za mfuti.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, bullpen inachititsa zinthu zambiri kuti zikhale bwino komanso zimapanga smokeless pyroxylin powder. Chaka ndi chaka ntchitoyi inkabweretsa zopanda phindu nthawi imeneyo - mpaka ma 500,000.

Mabungwe a dziko

Pambuyo pa chisokonezo cha Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe, ntchitoyi inayamba pang'onopang'ono. Kubwezeretsa mwakhama kwa zaka za m'ma 1930 kunathandiza kuti pakhale chitukuko cha zinthu ndi zofunikira. Mbewu yachiwiri ya padziko lapansi ya Kazan yafungoli inali ndi zida zokwanira. Zida zinalibe kusowa. Usana ndi usiku, popanda masiku ogwira ntchito amamasula mfuti zofunika ndi milandu. Ambiri mwa amunawa anapita kukateteza dziko lawo, amayi ndi achinyamata adayima kumbuyo kwa makina.

Nkhondoyo inasonyeza kuti asilikali akufunikira zida zochuluka kwambiri. Kuti apange zigawo zatsopano, alangizi ochokera ku Special Technical Bureau No. 40 anatenga mbali. Iwo anapanga zitsanzo za mabomba a "revolutionary" omwe ali ndi makhalidwe apadera a nthawi imeneyo. Ankhondowo ankatamanda kupanga bullpen chifukwa cha ntchito yake yopanda mavuto komanso khalidwe lapamwamba kwambiri. Kunyada kwapadera kwa antchito a fakitala kunali mlandu wa "Katyusha".

Nthawi yatsopano kwambiri

Mu 90th bizinesiyo idakumane ndi kusowa kwa katundu. Kusokonezeka kwa oyang'anira kunayambitsa kuopseza kubweza. Mu 2002, boma linaganiza zobwezeretsa zokolola. Dzina lake lenileni la Kazan State Powder Plant linapezeka mu 2002 pambuyo pa kukonzanso kwakukulu. Mu 2003, ndalama zokwana 50 miliyoni zinapatsidwa, zomwe zinkabwezera ngongole ndi kubwezeretsanso zida. Lero, bullpen ndi chomera champhamvu chomwe chili mu federal mwiniwake.

Zochitika zoopsa

Kwa zaka mazana awiri, kupanga zophulika kwachitika mobwerezabwereza. Mbiriyi imadziwika ndi moto, yomwe inachititsa kuti ziwonongeko zamatsenga zikhale mu 1830 ndi 1884.

Pa August 14, 1917, mliri weniweni unachitikira - chifukwa cha kutentha, zomera za Kazan Powder zinachoka. Mtsogoleri Lieutenant-General Luknitsky, pafupifupi bungwe lonse, antchito ambiri a mafakitale, anthu ambiri okhala ku Powder Sloboda anawonongeka. Anaphedwa mabomba okwana 10,000, mamiliyoni ambiri a zipolopolo zokonzedwa bwino. Ndinayamba kuyambitsa kupanga kuchokera pachiyambi.

Pa March 24, 2017, mu Shopu No. 3 adawononga mlandu womwe unkawopa nzika za Kazan. Moto woyaka ndi utsi waubweya unkawonekera kuchokera kumadera onse a mzindawo. Anthu anafa.

Kusintha

Powder Factory (Kazan) inaphatikizidwa mu mndandanda wa mabungwe ogulitsa chitetezo, komwe akukonzekera kukonzanso zokolola pofika 2020. Nthawi yomaliza kubwezeretsedwa kwa bullpen kunachitika zaka 30 zapitazo. Mtsogoleri Wamkulu Khalil Giniyatov akunena kuti pofika chaka cha 2020 chidzakhala chipangizo chamakono, chotetezeka, chotetezeka kuti apange mpweya wambiri wamagetsi.

Pa malo angapo, machitidwe okhazikika adasinthidwa ndi ambiri ndi antchito ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Dipatimenti ya nitration, mawonekedwe atsopano amayang'anitsitsa ntchito ya magulu angapo ofunikirapo: mphero ya nyundo (pulping cellulose), asidi wetting agent ndi 20-cc riyakitala. Poyamba, ntchito zonse zoopsa zinachitidwa mwaluso. Masiku ano, munthu wina woyendetsa chitetezo chokwanira akuyang'anira njira yonse yothandizira pulogalamu ya makompyuta.

Kupanga

Mbewu ya ufa wa Kazan ikugwira ntchito mwakhama m'misika yamakono ndi kunja. Pano iwo amapanga matani 100 pa fodya pamwezi. Kupanga kumapereka mapindu a anthu 2000.

Kwa zosowa za usilikali, bullpen imapanga:

• Kuwombera mitundu yosiyanasiyana;
• Kujambula ndi utoto;
• Nitromastics;
• Zida zina zapangidwe ka makina opangira zida.

Komanso, zipangizo zamakono "bullpen":

• Kusaka ndi makanema a masewera;
• Anodes-earthing akusintha pofuna kuteteza mapepala ndi zitsulo zapansi pansi.

Maiko a zopereka ndi ochuluka. Izi ndizo zowateteza ndi zandale ku Russia (Yoshkar-Ola, Izhevsk, Sarapul, Votkinsk, Klimovsk, Sergiev Posad, Lyubertsy, Khimki, Ekaterinburg, Severouralsk), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Cyprus, Venezuela, India, Algeria, Uganda. Ndi maiko ena. Pofuna kuthetsa chitetezo chapamwamba ndi zotetezedwa kwa wogula, chomera cha ufa (Kazan) mu 2012 chinapatsidwa mphoto yaikulu ya mpikisano wa "Quality Leader" ndi boma la Tatarstan.