Makampani akuluakulu padziko lapansi (2014). Makampani aakulu kwambiri a mafuta

Makampani opangira mafuta ndiwo nthambi yaikulu ya mafakitale ogulitsa dziko lonse. Sizimangokhudza maiko azachuma padziko lonse, koma nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa nkhondo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse omwe akutsogolera mafuta.

Zolemba Zowonetsera

Polemba mafuta, akatswiri amafufuza makampani akuluakulu padziko lapansi pazofunikira izi:

• Mitundu ya zipangizo zowonjezera;
• Zomwe zimapezeka;
• Kusintha;
• Zotsatira za ntchito zachuma za kampani ya mafuta;
• Mitundu ya malonda a mafuta ndi zopangira zake.

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti zotsatira za zizindikiritso zonse zingadziwike. Izi ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana pakuyesa. Mwachitsanzo, kulingalira kwa Energy Intelligence kumapangidwa chifukwa cha zizindikiro zowonjezera zowonjezera (kuchuluka kwa malonda, kusungirako, kusinthanitsa ndi malonda), ndipo makhalidwe a ndalama akusowa. Tidzawonanso mndandanda wa makampani abwino kwambiri a mafuta, omwe poyamba anapangidwa ndi Forbes.

Kuyeza kwa zimphona za mafuta monga Forbes

Forbes inapanga mndandanda wa makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi mu 2014. Mndandandawu muli makampani 25 omwe amapanga mafuta ochulukirapo padziko lapansi. Tiyeni tipitirire pa zimphona zamphamvu kwambiri za chiwerengero ichi.

Saudi Aramco

Saudi Arabia amadziwika kuti ndi mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse mu mafakitale a mafuta. Saudi Aramco Corporation ndi bungwe lalikulu kwambiri la bungwe la mphamvu. Lili ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito ma processing, amatha kuyendetsa mafuta. Saudi Aramco ali ndi ngalawa zazikuru ndi zatsopano zogulitsa masitepe omwe ngakhale makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse sangafanane.

Malingana ndi chiwerengerocho, bungwe la 2014 linapanga mafuta mumabuku akuluakulu - migolo yoposa 12 miliyoni patsiku. Mafuta ochuluka omwe dzikoli limapanga m'chigwa cha Eastern Province. Kampaniyo imakhalanso ndi zitsime m'madzi a Red Sea ndi Persian Gulf.

Masiku ano, ofesi yaikulu ya kampaniyo imayang'anira 99% ya nkhokwe za golidi zonse ku golide ku Saudi Arabia, yomwe ndi ¼ ya malo osungirako mafuta ovomerezeka padziko lapansi.

Gazprom Neft Company

Ntchitoyi ndi kampani yambiri ya mafuta ku Russia. Kampaniyi ikufufuza malo omwe zipangizo, kupanga ndi kugulitsa mafuta ndi gasi, komanso kupanga mafuta a mafuta. Nthambi za kampanizi zimagwira ntchito m'zigawo zonse za mafuta ndi gasi za dzikoli. Makampani opanga makampani opangira ntchito ali m'madera a Yaroslavl, Omsk ndi Moscow. Kuphatikiza apo, Gazprom Neft bwino amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zopanga mafuta ku Venezuela, Iraq ndi mayiko ena. Makampani aakulu kwambiri padziko lapansi amapereka mgwirizano wa Russia ku mgwirizano wa mafakitale a mafuta.

Gazprom Neft Group ili ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu (80 structural subdivisions) ku Russia ndi kunja. Chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka malonda, kampaniyo imagulitsa mafuta ochulukirapo pamsika wa kunja ndi kunja. Gazprom-Neft ili ndi malo oposa 1,700 a gasitiki ku Russia, CIS ndi Europe.

Malinga ndi zomwe Forbes ananena, Gazprom Neft anatenga udindo wachiwiri mu mndandanda wa "Makampani aakulu kwambiri a mafuta a padziko lonse a 2014" omwe ali ndi ndalama zokwana 9,7 miliyoni patsiku.

Kampani ya National Iranian Oil Company

Mafuta ku Iran anayamba mu 1908. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi anayi, Ministry of Oil ya Iran inakhazikitsa National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), yomwe inali ndi cholinga chofuna kupeza mafuta ndi kukopa dziko lachilendo. Panthawi imeneyo, golidi wakuda idatenga malo ofunikira pa chitukuko cha zachuma cha dziko, kotero kuchotsedwa kwa golide wakuda kunapatsidwa udindo wa dziko lonse ndikupatsidwa ulamuliro wolamulira.

Tsopano kampani ikugwira ntchito yowonjezera mafuta ndi mafuta, kayendedwe kawo ndi kutumiza kunja. Kampaniyi imapereka zowonjezera zomera ndi zokonzanso zamkati m'dzikolo, ndipo zimagulitsa zochuluka kunja kwina malinga ndi quota "OPEC".

NIOC imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa mabungwe akuluakulu a mafuta padziko lapansi. Ili ndi 1/10 mwa malo osungira mafuta padziko lapansi. Kampaniyo ili ndi malo odzaza mafuta ndi mafuta ku Iran, Azerbaijan ndi North Sea. Ntchito za NIOC ndizokulu kwambiri: magawo akuyendetsedwa, kufuola, kuchotsa, kuyendetsa ndi kuyendetsa chuma. Kampaniyi ili ndi nthambi 21, ziwiri zake ndizokulu kwambiri.

Mndandanda wa "NIOC yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse-2014" NIOC ndi malo achitatu ndi mafuta okwana 6,4 miliyoni barolo patsiku. Iran ndi ya atsogoleri a dziko lapansi, koma chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa mayiko padziko lonse, kampaniyo inakakamizika kuchepetsa kupanga golide wakuda.

ExxonMobil

ExxonMobil anayamba ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito Standard Oil Trust, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi mabiliyoni a ku America John Rockefeller mu 1882. Bungwe lomwe likudziwika masiku ano limapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XX chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa mitundu iwiri yotchedwa Exxon ndi Mobil, yomwe mafuta ndi magetsi amapangidwa tsopano.

Makampani a mafuta a ku America akugwira nawo ntchito yopititsa patsogolo minda yatsopano ya mafuta, zowonjezera, kayendedwe ndi kugulitsa. ExxonMobil imapanganso mankhwala a mafuta: olefins, polyethylene, polypropylene ndi aromatics. Kampaniyi ikugwira nawo ntchito zachuma padziko lonse ndipo ikugwirizana ndi mayiko 47.

Kampani ya mafuta ExxonMobil ndiyo yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Zimatengedwa kuti ndi mtsogoleri wotsogolera makampani opambana komanso okwera mtengo, omwe akuphatikizapo makampani akuluakulu padziko lapansi. Mtengo wa ExxonMobil ndiposa 400 biliyoni US madola. Malingana ndi zizindikiro za kuchuluka kwa mafuta (pafupifupi mabiliyoni 5 patsiku), bungwe limatenga gawo lachinai mu mayiko onse.

PetroChina

PetroChina ndi bungwe lalikulu kwambiri la mafuta a Chinese. Makampani aakulu kwambiri padziko lapansi amalimbana nawo ndi mtengo wa magawo. Mipando ya PetroChina imagulitsidwa ku New York ndi Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Pambuyo nkhani ya magawo ku Shanghai, mtengo wa kampani ya mafuta katatu, ukufikira ndalama zoposa madola trillion US.

Kuwonjezera pa kupanga mafuta ndi kuyeretsa mafuta, PetroChina ikuchita kafufuzidwe ka ndalama zowonjezera, kuyisakaniza mankhwala, kupanga pipeni ndi malonda. Malinga ndi Forbes, kampaniyo inatenga udindo wachisanu pa mndandanda wa makampani a mafuta padziko lonse omwe ali ndi mapaipi okwana 4,4 miliyoni patsiku.

Malingaliro opanga mafuta

Mphona za mafuta padziko lapansi zimakonza kuchepetsa ntchito yowonjezera golidi wakuda chifukwa cha kufulumira kwa mtengo wa mafuta m'chilimwe cha 2014. Chifukwa cha izi pamsika, phindu la makampani lachepa kwambiri. Ngakhale ExxonMobil, Saudi Aramco, PetroChina ndi makampani akuluakulu a mafuta padziko lapansi adalandira phindu lalikulu, ena mwa iwo adaganiza kuti asiye kuchulukitsa ntchito ndi kutseka njira zopindulitsa. Malingana ndi nyuzipepala ya Wall Street Journal, izi zimakhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, zopindulitsa za ExxonMobil za 2014 zinali 26%, zomwe ndi 9% zochepera zaka khumi zapitazo.

Kusintha kwakukulu pamsika wa mafuta kunachititsa ngozi ku Gulf of Mexico, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale zida zambiri za golide wakuda. Kampani ya ku Britain ya British Petroleum, yomwe inali ndi zopangidwe, inakakamizika kugulitsa katundu wake wonse.

Kuchepetsa kuchepetsa ntchitoyi sikungowonongeka kampani yaikulu ya mafuta. Kusintha kwa mitengo ya mafuta kunakhudza malonda onse a padziko lapansi.

Ngakhale zili choncho, makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse amayembekezera kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino pa mafakitale a mafuta komanso kuwonjezereka kwa zipangizo zamakono m'tsogolomu.