Cruiser asilikali Hipper (1937-1945): mbiri ya chilengedwe ndi moyo. German Navy

German ngalawa "asilikali Hipper" anali mmodzi wa cruisers bwino katundu wa Kriegsmarine panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri. Iye anatenga gawo mu adani a Norway, anachita mndandanda wa anawazunza mu Atlantic, ndipo nkhondo yake yomaliza anatenga ozizira Barents Sea. Amene watha ndi zaka theka la moyo wake cruiser anakhalabe doko udindo wosamalira.

kamangidwe

Pa pepala, ndi cruiser asilikali Hipper anaonekera mu 1934. Zinali Ndiyeno pa Naval Likulu anali kukonza ndi zofunikira kwa chombo latsopano. Choyamba, kuchokera m`chombo kuyembekezera ofanana kuthana ndi adani tsogolo France ndi Britain. Kachiwiri, mu German Navy ankafuna sitimayo kuti mukhoza kupita mofulumira pantchito ya Nkhondo mdani "Dunkirk" ndi "Strasbourg". Mfundo lofunika kwambiri - deta chitsanzo analonjeza kukhala ndi alenje oopsa kwambiri cruisers liwiro zokwanira. Pomaliza, achitatu, mankhwala atsopano akutanthauza kuti zoononga ntchito mu malo zikuluzikulu ndi nyanja.

Cruiser asilikali Hipper a mtundu eponymous wa cruisers lolemera. Izo zinakonzedwa kumanga zombo asanu otere. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kupatulapo "Hipper" anaonekera "zipsera Oygen" ndi "Blücher". The zina ziwiya ziwiri "Lützow" ndi "Seydlitz" analibe nthawi kumaliza. Lolemera cruiser "asilikali Hipper" unatchedwa Franz von Hipper, amene analamulira detachment ngalawa German mu Nkhondo ya Dogger Bank ndi Jutland.

yomanga

Bookmark "asilikali Hipper" anayamba July 6, 1935 pa doko la zombo zapanyanja ku Hamburg. Izo zinayamba kutheka pambuyo pa mwano wa Pangano la Versailles, pa nthawi kudziikira malire kwa dziko la Germany ndi asilikali. Hitler ankakonza kubwezera ndi zinthu mosadzilemekeza, pamene maiko wopambana za nkhondo anali kuyang'ana pa izo kupyolera mu zala zanga. Kuti mwanjira kubisa nkhope boma la kuganiza pangano osiyana pansi amene German Navy walandira bwino kuwonjezera asilikali ake apanyanja 35% ya British. mwanjira ina, koma Germany analibe maganizo a adani m'tsogolo ndipo anayamba kofulumiraku kukonzekera mwazi m'tsogolo.

Pa zoyambirira za chaka inatha mulu pa chotengera yomanga. February 6, 1937 ndi cruiser katundu m'madzi. Pa mwambo botolo chikhalidwe shampeni kuthyola mkazi wa asilikali Raeder amene adalamulira zombo. Pa First World nkhondo anatumikira ku likulu la Von Hipper, pamene kukulozani cha ngalawa latsopano anakamba kulankhula wapadera.

Chifukwa cha nkhondo mofulumira Germany kupikisana ndi wina nthambi ankhondo amafuna onse zipangizo zatsopano, zida ndi ntchito. Choncho kuvomereza "asilikali Hipper" zonse kulephereka. "Zipsera Oygen" kuposerapo anamanga. Pa mwambo afunika chifukwa chotengera ichi panafika Hitler ndi regent la Hungary Miklosh Horti. Malo yomanga ake anayamba mu Kiel, yomwe kenako anamasulira "hipper". Last anaonekera cruiser "Blucher" mu mtundu wawo wa cruisers lolemera.

Chiyambi cha utumiki

German cruiser «asilikali Hipper» anali kulemba April 29, 1939. Iye anafika mu nthawi - akuyandikira Wachiwiri World nkhondo. Woyamba miyezi ingapo kugwira ntchito m'chombo unachitikira pa mayesero mayeso Kiel. March 20, 1940 adalira analamulidwa kutumiza sitima Cuxhaven. "Asilikali Hipper", komanso pafupifupi anthu watsopano wa Kriegsmarine, amayenera kutenga nawo mbali pa nkhondo ya Norway, amene wakhala mbali ya ntchito "Vezenbyurg" (kapena "Ziphunzitso pa Weser").

Cruiser anatsogolera gulu lachiwiri, cholinga umene unali adani a doko zofunika za Trondheim. Iye panaoneka ofunkha "Jacobi", "Riedel", "Ekoldt" ndi "Heinemann". Pa bolodi "Hipper" anali signalers, Luftwaffe likulu gulu ndi gawo la 83rd battalion ndi Regiment 138th mwa phiri. Iwo anali kusamalira mabatire m'mphepete mwa nyanja Norway.

The squadron kumanzere Cuxhaven April 6 chatsika nyengo. M'njiramo iye analowa skirmish ang'ono ndi asilikali a ku Britain. Tsopano British ankadziwa za gulu la Germany, ngakhale kuti adakali nthawi yaitali sanathe kumvetsa cholinga chenicheni ndi ukulu wa ntchito.

"Ziphunzitso pa Weser"

April 8, 1940 njira Norway cruiser "asilikali Hipper" anachokadi Inde yapita ndipo anapita kupulumutsa wowonongayo "Bernd Von Arnim." Ngalawayi inawombana ndi British ngalawa "Glouvorm" a m'kalasi lomwelo. Mkulu wa "Hipper" Helmut Heye anaukira chombo mdani ngakhale zowonetsera mdani utsi ndi torpedoes. Pa nkhondo lonse, "Glouvorm" Tsiku lina ndi cruiser German, kumenya mbali lake lamanja pafupi breakwater lapansi. Zinali kuwonongeka zazing'ono, koma wowonongayo British si mosavuta anathawa ndi kumira. Pomaliza "Glouvorm" analipira "hipper" ramming kuukira, zotsatira zake za amene anali ukonzedwe masabata atatu.

Usiku wa pa April 9, cruiser German ozikika mu misewu Tronhyema. Akuyesetsa kuti apewe Norwegians anali wodzichepetsa: batire pa gombe anaombera zipolopolo angapo, kenako mdani napereka nkhondo ndi squadron German. gulu ntchito chinakwaniritsidwa. The cruiser "asilikali Hipper" anabwerera ku Germany kwa kukonza.

"Juno"

Mu May, mwa dongosolo chombo chidali Kiel, kumene kugwirizana chinapangidwa, chomwe chinali kuthandiza zombo zina German munakhala mu Norway chifukwa anatseka misewu British. Ntchito adzaimira amatchedwa "Juno." Kuwonjezera pa "Hipper" izo panafika ndi Nkhondo "Gneisenau" ndi "Scharnhorst" ndi owononga "Lodi", "Galster", "Shemann" ndi "Shtaynbrik.

Pa njira Norway anakumana ndi British cruiser 530 matani trawler "mlombwa". A bwato laling'ono anabwera pansi moto 105 mm German mfuti odana ndi ndege. Posakhalitsa trawler linapendekeka ndi kumira. Pa nthawi yomweyo anachita kutali "Shemann" Amira Pamadzi panyanja "Mafuta Waupainiya."

Mu "Orama" Tsiku lomwelo, June 6, "asilikali Hipper" anamanga mu 1937 kukakumana ndi British zoyendera asilikali. chombo anabwerera kwawo la Norway ndi chimwemwe cha English chinali chopanda (kupatula lamulo lenileni). volleys angapo projectiles zachiwawa achita ntchito zawo: "Orama" Amira pang'onopang'ono kupita pansi pa nyanja. The British anali atakwezeka pa bolodi zombo German.

June 8 cruiser ndi oyandikana ofunkha anawalamula kuti atumizidwe kwa Trondheim. Pachifukwa ichi, "asilikali Hopper 'sakanatha kutenga nawo mbali pa chiwonongeko cha ndege chonyamulira" ulemerero ". Masiku ochepa ngalawa imene m'misewu ya Trondheim. Kenako madzulo pa June 20, "Hopper" anapita thandizo la oponya kuonongeka "Scharnhorst". Cruiser anatenga mmunda ndi "Gneisenau" ndi "Galsterom". Ulendowu unali waufupi. Pakati pa usiku "Gneisenau" anali torpedoed ndi British sitima zapamadzi "Clyde". Ankadikira anatenga madzi ambiri, ndi kumuwombera anali kubwerera Trondheim, ndipo popanda kukwaniritsa cholinga chake. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zombo ziwiri kutsogolera "asilikali Hipper" wakhala wamkulu kumenyana unit wa ulamuliro wa Hitler mu North madzi Norway.

Atlantic anaukira

Ena cruisers wotchuka World nkhondo II akhala ntchito kokha mu madzi kumtunda. Kotero izo zinali "asilikali Hepper." November 30, 1940 chokha, koma kenako nsembe yake yaitali mu ulendo nyanja. Mid-Atlantic pa ufulu wa Brest-Newfoundland teemed ndi convoys British. M'dera lino, m'mphamvu maulendo zoyendera amene amadutsa magulu njira ndi akatundu. Yekha kwaulere chombo, akhoza kuukira convoys nthawi kuti "asilikali Hipper". Other cruisers wotchuka World nkhondo II anali wotanganidwa. Against maziko a zinthu izi, tiyeni timange phokoso mu nyanja kumpoto, Sitima inayamba ake "Opaleshoni Nordzeetur".

December 25, "hipper" anapeza convoy kuti anaphimba cruiser "Barwick" ndi mayunitsi angapo cruisers kuwala. chombo German anaukira gulu, koma kupeza loopsa kwambiri kugonjetsedwa, anabwerera. Ndi osangalala mwangozi adalira anakwanitsa apulumutse sitimayo wake zisaonongeke kuwoneka.

Popeza anachita nawo msonkhano osamveka ndi kuperekezedwa watsopano Captain Meisel waganiza kubwerera ku Europe. Amalinyero tatopa ntchito kunkhondo ku nkhanza nyengo ndi nyengo. Koma patapita tsiku panjira ku France analanda "hipper" potsiriza mwayi. Sitima anaukira wamalonda steamship "Yamuna". Chandamale kugunda akukhudzidwa mfuti, limodzi ndi torpedoes awiri. Sitimayo inamira mofulumira, koma Maisel ankaopa kuti British anakwanitsa amapereka akafuna ili pafupi convoy lapansi. Ngati iye anayigwira "Hipper", ndiye Germany kuti kamodzinso kulimbana nkhondo wosiyana. Choncho, atamaliza "Yamuna", woyendetsa atalamula kupita ku France. Akufulumira, Maisel sanakweze kuti bolodi ndi kumizidwa mu nyanja ya England. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu onse 111 pa "Yamuna", anafa. December 27, "asilikali Hipper" inagona pa doko ku Brest.

Azores Battle

Pambuyo Atlantic ulendo "hipper" n'zofunika kukonzedwa. Kukonza anatenga ndendende mwezi, ndi kale 1 February 1941 cruiser anapitanso mu madzi nyanja. manambala 11, pamene Suli kutali ndi Azores, sitima German anasiya kuchenjeza kuwombera Sitima "Aysland". Kamodzi chombo chidafika German ndipo ankatchedwa "Dahlia." Tsopano a Great Britain. "Hipper" Amira kumbuyo convoy nsembe yake.

Kuyambira oyendetsa anabweretsa pa bolodi "Ayslanda" Maisel anaphunzira za lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi ya dziko lapansi pafupi ndi gulu chitetezo kwathunthu ngalawa. Zinali convoy, yemwe ankapita ku Freetown (Sierra Leone). Mpheroyi ochuluka monga 19 zombo za thupi England, Norway ndi Greece. Bwino lalikulu linali chakuti convoy zinali wopanda chitetezo kuperekezedwa. February 12, "asilikali Hipper" popanda chopinga chilichonse anamiza sitima 7. 3 ambiri anali kwambiri kuonongeka.

Popeza akwaniritsa bwino kwambiri chidwi mautumiki awo, "asilikali Hipper" anabwerera Brest. Mu March 1941 anasamukira ku mzinda wa Kiel, komwe anakhala chaka chimodzi. Panthawi imeneyi chombo akweza wokutidwa ndi kubisa latsopano. Mu March 1942, iye anafika mu Trondheim. Battlestar ankayembekezera kumpoto kampeni lomaliza.

"Regenborgen"

Ndi kudziwa zimene mtundu wa cruisers tolotolo 'asilikali Hipper "anali kuchita kudutsana Arctic convoys, lamulo German la zombo anaima pa kusankha gulu mutu za m'chombo. Ndi kulowa wa USSR kunkhondowo ntchito ngati zimenezi kukhala zofunika kwambiri. convoys Arctic anapita ku Soviet Union ku US ndi UK. Mothandizidwa ndi iwo ananyamula kongoletsani-pangano pulogalamu. Malinga ndi kumpoto Nyanja Route mu USSR aziwapatsa zothetsera wa asilikali a Chachitatu Ulamuliro wa Nazi zipangizo nkhondo.

opaleshoni kukakumana ndi convoy lotsatira amatchedwa "Regenborgen" ( "Rainbow"). Lamulo izo anatenga mkulu wa Kriegsmarine asilikali Raeder. Pamodzi ndi "hipper" anali nawo kunkhondo ena katundu cruiser "Lutzow", ndipo asanu ndi owononga. The detachment anapita ku nyanja December 30, 1942. Iwo unali usiku kumalo ozizira. Chifukwa mphepo zombo yokutidwa ndi kutumphuka ayezi, kuletsa ntchito zipangizo kulankhulana ndi zida.

"Chaka Chatsopano Nkhondo"

M'mawa wa pa December 31 ndi convoy anaona ofunkha sankadziwa. Ajeremani mwayi: British anaganiza kuti iwo anathamanga mu kulondera Soviet. Chifukwa cha ichi zolakwa, moto, zombo lotsegula la ulamuliro wa Hitler, unali convoy anadabwa wathunthu. Komabe, British msanga kudzudzulidwa kulakwitsa kwake. zombo zawo zinamangidwanso la nkhondo, ndipo ndimitambo nkhondo smokescreen.

Pambuyo theka la ola pambuyo kugunda, ndi mkulu wa convoy Robert Zimapan anaphunzira zozizwitsa silhouette "asilikali Hipper". Ndi zolinga woyamba anasankha cruiser wowonongayo "Ekeytes" imene umalimbana moto linatsegulidwa. Chifukwa cha nyengo ndi dymzavesy German gunner anavutika younikira pansi sitima mdani. Komabe, pa 13 koloko, "Ekeytes" anamira, ndipo 80 oyendetsa wake anatola unathandizapo kuthandiza trawler.

Chirichonse chinapita malinga ndi dongosolo, ndi Kriegsmarine, koma pa nthawi yolakwika kwa Germany mwadzidzidzi pafupi ndi cruiser British "Sheffield" ndi "Jamaica". Anabisa "asilikali Hipper" imfa moto. ofunkha German anatenga akubwera kwa bwalo lawo, iwo anafika pafupi kwambiri ndi kutenga kukumenya amapha. Nthawiyi, cruiser wina "Lutzow" kuthamangitsa wa convoy lapansi. Woyendetsa anazindikira kulakwa kwake, koma izo zinali mochedwa: anapereka kuti achoke ku doko. Mivi kuchokera pamwamba pa "asilikali Hipper", ndi convoy anapitiriza ulendo wake ku Soviet Murmansk. Kulephera kwa opaleshoni zinachititsa kuti yosiya Eriha Redera ku malo Chief wa German apanyanja.

ndikusunga

Kwambiri kuonongeka mu Barents Nyanja cruiser «asilikali Hipper» anatsatira kwa kukonza, kenako anali analembetsa malo ndi anaima Gotenhafene. Kangapo kubwera timu pafupifupi polutoratysyachny. Mu March 1944 izo Pambuyo lamulo kukonzekera chombo cha ntchito m'tsogolo. Komabe, sikunali kotheka kuti m'nthawi yake. Pali sanali mbali zokwanira ndipo anthu mowirikiza kusokoneza ntchito za Union ndi Soviet Air Force. Kukatentha chipinda №3, natenthedwa "nkhondo Chaka Chatsopano", ndipo sanatenge mu dongosolo. Kamodzi zankhondo chachikulu tsopano osayenera ngakhale ndikulondera kugombe.

Ine ndinabwera mu 1945. January 1 zombo kasamalidwe analamula aukhondo "asilikali Hipper" ndi mapasa ake "zipsera Oygen" kwa miyezi itatu. Pakali pano, ku doko la akuyandikira asilikali Soviet. Chifukwa cha ichi, m'malo kukonza anali kulimbana ndi gulu la. January 29, "hipper" anasiya Gotenhafen, ngakhale kuti iye anali atagwira ntchito chopangira mphamvu chimodzi chokha. Mu "chrome" kuwonjezera chombo gulu lake linaima theka othawa kwawowo zikwi. Posachedwapa, cruiser anali m'dera limene 30 ya sitima zapamadzi Soviet "S-13" anali kumizidwa ndi zapamadzi zonyamula "Vilgelm Gustlov". Captain Hans Henigst chifukwa cha kuchulukana chotengera anachita kale maboti opulumutsa anthu pangozi ndi liferafts, amene mantha anakomoka mu Germany kuwonongeka.

February 2, "asilikali Hipper" anafika mumzinda wa Kiel. Tsiku lotsatira, doko ikanagwidwa ndege British. Pa kunkhondo ya sitimayo muli ochepa kumenya kwambiri. moto A kunabuka natentha cruiser anakhala pansi pa doko wanu. Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi, ndi Bulu anasiya zoyesayesa amamupeza kukonzanso zakale Navy kunyada. Pambuyo agonje kwa ulamuliro wa Hitler mu May 1945, "asilikali Hipper" anawachotsa zitsulo.