Current ndi matalala Chiayisilandiki kuphulika

Kwa anthu ambiri, mfundo "Volcano" amagwirizana ndi phiri lalitali, kuchokera pamwamba umene mpweya anapulumuka mu mlengalenga Kasupe, phulusa ndi moto, ndi malo otsetsereka ndizodzazidwa ndi red-hot chiphalaphala. mapiri Irish pa tingachipeze powerenga ngati pang'ono. Wamtali ali ambiri si kokwanira. Only ena "aphwanya" chilemba cha 2 Km, enawo anali mkati 1-1.5 Km, ndipo ambiri ngakhale zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, hverfjall, Eldfedl, Surtsey sadzachitanso naperewera pa msinkhu wa mamita mazana angapo, kuyang'ana kwambiri monga mapiri wamba. Koma izi zinkaoneka lamtendere ndi lotetezeka chilengedwe cha amayi Nature weniweni zingabweretse mavuto zosachepera phiri lotchuka Etna kapena Vesuvius. Tikupereka kuti kuwadziwa ndi tiyeni tiyambe kuyambira kwawo.

Chilumba choopsa

Nature amakonda zodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, chilumba cha Iceland, iye walenga, kuukitsa nyanja ya Mid-Atlantic Ridge, yemwe ali pa malo a yaikulu tectonic suture. Wake mbale lithospheric, mmodzi amene ali maziko a Europe ndi ku Asia, ndipo chachiwiri - mu North America, ndigwira pang'onopang'ono mogwirizana, potero kulimbikitsa ntchito wolimba wa phiri Chiayisilandiki. Small ndi lalikulu kuphulika chikuchitika za pa zaka 4-6.

Nyengo ya Iceland, anapatsidwa moyandikana malo ake kwa Arctic Circle, angatchedwe zofewa. A chilimwe kutentha ndi kuno, ngakhale izo sizichitika. Koma nyengo nkhanza komanso n'zochepa, koma ambiri mpweya kugwa. Zingaoneke zinthu modabwitsa yabwino kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera kuti akhale apa buyat ndi mphamvu wosangalatsa. Koma zoona 3/4 la chilumbachi ndi yachonde miyala, m'madera ena yokutidwa ndi ndere ndi zitsamba osowa. Komanso, mwa 103 000 makilomita lalikulu za 12,000 wotanganidwa ndi oundana. Apa ndi malo achilengedwe ozungulira phiri Chiayisilandiki ndi malo otsetsereka awo. Kuwonjezera pa diso looneka anazungulira chilumba kwambiri a mapiri, anabisidwa ndi wosanjikiza madzi achisanu nyanja. Onse pamodzi alipo pafupifupi zana ndi makumi asanu, kuphatikizapo 26 ntchito.

mbali Geological

The mawonekedwe a mapiri Chiayisilandiki ndi nthumanzi zishango. Iwo amapanga chiphalaphala madzi mobwerezabwereza akukhamukira padziko mkati lapansi. thanthwe formations awa ndi maonekedwe a chikopa otukukira kunja ndi otsetsereka mwachilungamo wofatsa. nsonga awo korona zimaphala, ndi zambiri otchedwa caldera woimira mabeseni yaikulu ndi pansi kwambiri kapena zochepa athyathyathya ndipo makoma mwadzidzidzi kusiya. Caldera awiri amayezedwa makilomita, ndi kutalika kwa mpanda - mazana mamita. Chishango mapiri amakonda alipo chifukwa kuthira izi chiphalaphala. Zotsatira lalikulu chiphala chikopa, zimene zimawonedwa pachilumba cha Iceland. Iwo wapangidwa makamaka a miyala basaltic kuti kusungunula anayala ngati madzi.

Kuwonjezera chishango, mu Iceland kumeneko stratovolcanoes. Awa ndi mawonekedwe a mbewa zakufa otsetsereka steeper monga chiphalaphala anakalipa ku viscous awo, solidifies msanga, iye asanati litulukira makilomita ambiri. A chitsanzo chapadera cha mtundu amadziwika mapangidwe kuphulika Hekla Iceland kapena e.g. Askja.

Ndi malo kusiyanitsa pamwamba, m'madzi ndi pansi-ayezi thanthwe formations, ndi "moyo" - matalala ndi akuchitachita. Komanso, pali ambiri yaing'ono matope mapiri n'kumatulutsa chiphalaphala si, ndi mpweya ndi dothi.

"Polakwika ku Gehena"

Kotero ikutchedwa kuphulika kum'mwera Iceland, wotchedwa Hekla. Iye chimodzi cha achangu kuyambira kuphulika chikuchitika pafupifupi zaka 50. Mugawo izo zinachitika pa mapeto a February 2000. Hekla zikuwoneka otchuka woyera phirilo kuthamangira kumwamba. Mu mawonekedwe ndi stratovolcano, ndipo mwa chibadwa chake ndi mbali ya mapiri, kukuchitika kwa 40 Km. Ndi zonse choppy, koma anatchula ntchito apamwamba m'dera la poswekapo Geklugya kutalika 5,500 m, wokwatibwa ndi Hecla. Ndi Iceland mawu awa angamasuliridwe kuti "nyumba ndi chofunda." Kodi dzina la phiri anali chifukwa chakuti pamwamba ake kawirikawiri yokutidwa ndi mitambo. Tsopano otsetsereka a Hekla pafupifupi lopanda moyo, koma kamodzi anali mitengo ndi zitsamba, udzu rioted. Osati kale litali, dziko anayamba kugwira ntchito kubwezeretsa chamoto izi zomera, makamaka misondodzi ndi birches.

Wa ntchito zivomerezi m'dera mobwerezabwereza anadwala Iceland. Phiri Hekla kuphulika (monga asayansi) mwachangu amalavulira kunja chiphalaphala padziko Lapansi ndi kale zaka 6600. Mwa kuphunzira strata chiphala, seismologists anapeza kuti kuphulika wamphamvu chinachitika apa mu imeneyi ku 950 mu 1150 ndi. BC. Ndi kuchuluka kwa phulusa ejected m'mlengalenga pamene iye anapatsidwa mfundo 5 mwa 7 zotheka. Mphamvu ya zotupa za kwambiri moti zaka zingapo waponya kutentha mpweya kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi Dziko Lapansi. The wamkulu zalembedwa zotupa pa Hekla chinachitika mu 1104, ndipo motalikitsa - mu 1947. Zinatha kuposa chaka. Nthawi zambiri, mu kuphulika kwa Hekla zonse wapadera, onse osiyana. Chitsanzo pano, mmodzi yekha - yaitali phiri amagona, zambiri ponseponse ndiye.

Askja

Chimodzi mwa "alendo" ndi akuti ndi okongola kwambiri ili ndi phiri ili la kum'mawa kwa chilumbacho, mu Vatnajökull National Park, dzina lake pambuyo glacier chachikulu (waukulu ku Iceland, ndi wachitatu padziko lapansi chizindikiro ichi). Askja ndi mphepete ake kumpoto ndipo si anaphimba ndi ayezi. Iye anawuka pamwamba yachonde pa mamita 1510 ndipo anatchuka chifukwa nyanja zokongola - yaikuluikulu Eskyuvati Viti, anaonekera caldera chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa Askja mu 1875. Eskyuvati ndi za 220 meters kwambiri ndi nyanja akuya mu dziko. Viti kwambiri ang'onoang'ono - yekha mpaka mamita 7 kuya. Chimakopa mazana la alendo zachilendo yamkaka buluu mtundu wa madzi ndi chakuti kutentha yake kuuka kwa madigiri 60 Celsius ndi konse akutsikira m'munsimu madigiri 20. Viti galasi pafupifupi mwangwiro ozungulira, komanso mabanki ndi lalitali kwambiri (50 m) ndi phompho. Mbali ya otsetsereka ndi wamkulu kuposa madigiri 45. Kumasulira kwa Chiayisilandiki "Viti" amatanthauza "Gehena", mothandizidwa ndi fungo natikhutitsanso sulfure pano. Kuphulika lotsiriza la phiri Chiayisilandiki Askja chinachitika mu 1961, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo iye ali m'tulo, ngakhale amaona chomveka. Iwo sanali kuwopsyeza alendo amene amapita Askew kotero yogwira kuti pali ngakhale inali kukwera njira 2 ndi 8 Km from mbale caldera anamanga msasa.

Bárðarbunga

Dzina la Iceland kuphulika Bárðarbunga zambiri chidule kuti Bárðarbunga. Zikuoneka m'malo Baurdur. Limenelo linali dzina la mmodzi wa atsamunda wakale wa chisumbucho, amene zikuoneka ankakhala mu malo awa, lotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Iceland "Bárðarbunga" amatanthauza "phiri Baurdura". Tsopano ndi m'chipululu, ndi m'chipululu, kuyendayenda pano alenje kokha koma alendo, komanso ngakhale ndiye yekha m'chilimwe. Phiri ndi mnansi Aski, koma ili kum'mwera, basi pansi m'mphepete mwa Vatnajökull glacier. Izi ndi ndi mkulu (2009 m) stratovolcano nthawi "zokondweretsa" kuphulika ake. Mmodzi wa waukulu analandira mfundo 6, chinachitika mu 1477.

Otsiriza "Mochenjera" ya phiri Chiayisilandiki Bárðarbunga zoipa wapabanja misempha okhala pachilumbachi, makamaka ogwira ntchito ndege. Mu 1910, panali kuphulika, koma osati pacimake, ndiye phiri ali chitachepa. Ndipo tsopano, patatha pafupi zaka, kutanthauza m'chaka cha 2007, seismologists asunga ntchito yake kachiwiri, amene pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka. kukwaniritsa wodikira pazipita kwa mphindi yokha.

zotupa

M'chaka oyambirira 2014 zida olembedwa kayendedwe kwambiri mu chiphalaphala chipinda Bárðarbunga. August 17, phiri malo m'dera zinachitika inagwedezeka kukakamiza mfundo 3.8, ndi pa 18 zoopsa kuchuluka kwa mfundo 4.5. Zinachitikadi mwadzidzidzi achoke kwa anthu a m'midzi yapafupi ndi alendo, oletsedwa misewu gawo, analengeza kachidindo chikasu pa ndege. Kuphulika kwa Chiayisilandiki kuphulika Bárðarbunga anayamba 23. Mtundu malamulo yomweyo anasintha wofiira, flights lonse m'dera inaletsedwa. Ngakhale inagwedezeka kukakamiza mfundo 4,9-5,5 anapitiriza, makamaka pachiopsezo ndegeyo analibe, ndi madzulo a mtundu malamulo unasintha lalanje. 29, chiphalaphala anaonekera. Iwo kukhetsedwa kwa chiphala chamoto chochokera mphiri ndipo kufalikira kwa Aski, chichokereni ku glacier. Mtundu malamulo kachiwiri anamuukitsa kwa kufiira, anasiya flights onse pa phiri, yomwe kwambiri zovuta ntchito ya ndege. Monga chiphalaphala kufalitsa mwamtendere usiku wa 29 mtundu malamulo kachiwiri ayanjane lalanje. Pa August 31 7 ndine kuchokera kale anayambika vuto chiphalaphala amatayika mwakhama. M'lifupi madziwo anafika 1 Km ndi kutalika - 3 Km. Code akutembenukira wofiira mobwerezabwereza madzulo anagwera lalanje. Mu mzimu uwu, kuphulika chinakhalapo mpaka mapeto a February 2015, kenako phiri anayamba akugona. Patapita masiku 16 malo anathamangira kuno kachiwiri.

Eyjafjallajökull

Molondola kutchula dzina la phiri Chiayisilandiki mungathe% 0,005 okha a earthlings. Eyjafjallajökull - chinachake pafupi "zoona" mu Baibulo Russian. Ngakhale kuphulika ili kum'mwera kwa chilumba (125 Km from Reykjavik), izo chidafundidwa ndi glacier, amene anapereka dzina cha zovuta chomwecho. Ice m'dera ndi makilomita oposa 100 lalikulu. Pamwamba pa izo ndiye gwero la mtsinje Skougau, ndipo basi pansipa kugwa pansi wokongola alendo ndi mathithi skógafoss Kvernyuvoss. More kapena zochepa kwambiri kuphulika kwa phiri Chiayisilandiki Eyjafjallajökull chinachitika mu 1821. Ngakhale zinatha pafupifupi 13 miyezi, vuto, koma thawing wa glacier, osati anakamba, popeza mwamphamvu zake musalumphe 2 mfundo. kuphulika ankaona odalirika kwambiri moti pa malekezero kum'mwera ngakhale anayambitsa skógar m'mudzimo. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi, mu March 2010, Eyjafjallajökull kachiwiri ndinadzuka. Mu kum'mawa panali 500-mita Rift, kumene mpweya anasangalala zibonga phulusa. Zinali pa kuchiyambi May. Panthawi imeneyi, mphamvu ya kuphulika anafika mfundo 4. Tsopano otsetsereka kuphulika okutidwa ndi palibe ayezi, ndi zomera. Ambiri amachita chidwi, kwa mzinda Chiayisilandiki wapafupi kuphulika Eyjafjallajökull. Pakhoza kukhala otchulidwa m'mudzi skógar, analipo anthu ochuluka 25. Kenako m'mudzi wa Holt, kenako tawuni Hvolsvyulur Selfoss, yomwe ili pa phiri 50 Km.

Katla

kuphulika ili makilomita 20 zokha kuchokera Eyjafjallajökull zambiri wopanikiza. kutalika kwake ndi mamita 1512, ndipo pafupipafupi kuphulika - kuchokera zaka 40. Popeza Katla mwina ankakhala glacier Myurdalsyokudl, ntchito yake ndi zinadzala ndi limatsogolera ayezi ndi kusefukira kwa madzi kumene kunachitika mu 1755 mamita ndi 1918 m, ndi 2011 m. Ndipo nthawi yotsiriza kunatero yaikulu, kuti anagwetsa mlatho pa mtsinje Mulakvisl ndi chinawononga misewu. Asayansi ndendende anakhazikitsa kuti kuphulika kwa Chiayisilandiki kuphulika Eyjafjallajökull nthawi iliyonse ndi kutsogolera kwa ntchito za Katla. Mulimonsemo, monga chitsanzo zimawonedwa ndi chaka 920.

Surtsey

Yogwira mapiri mu Iceland ndi wofunika kwambiri Icelanders. Iwo asapasana alemere dziko ndi ili mu geysers awo achilengedwe malo ntchito kutenthetsa m'nyumba, greenhouses, maiwe kusambira. Koma si onse. Mapiri ku Iceland kuonjezera dziko! Mugawo izo zinachitika mu November 1963. Kenako kuphulika kwa mapiri m'madzi mu gombe kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa chilumbacho, dera latsopano la dziko otchedwa Syurtseem. Iye anali wapadera chikhalidwe malo, kumene ofufuza younikira zikamera wa moyo. Anaumba woyamba opanda moyo mwamtheradi, Surtsey tsopano monyadira osati ndere yekha ndi lichens, ndipo ngakhale maluwa ndi zitsamba, amene anayamba mbalame kukaikira mazira. Tsopano apa ife kungokhala gulls, swans, razorbills, shearwaters, puffins, ndi ena. Syurtseya kutalika mamita 154, dera - 1.5 Q. Km, ndipo akupitirizabe kukula. Iye ali gawo la mkanda mapiri m'madzi a Vestmannaeyjar.

Esja

Izi kuphulika zikutha wotchuka chifukwa chakuti pa phazi lake ndi likulu la boma - Reykjavik. Pamene zotupa za Chiayisilandiki kuphulika Esja nthawi yotsiriza, zovuta kunena, koma izi sankasamala. Volcano amene pachimake limaonekera kuchokera pafupifupi kulikonse mu mzinda, akukondedwa ndi anthu ake onse, ndi otchuka kwambiri ndi alendo, okwera ndi oweruza onse a kukongola nkhanza za chilengedwe. Mapiri, limene mbali ndi Esja, akuyamba pamwamba likulu fjord ndipo akutambasula ku National Park Thingvellir. Kutalika kwa phiri - pafupifupi 900 meters, ndi otsetsereka zake inamera zitsamba ndi maluwa, ndi kwabasi kwambiri.

mwayi

Izi kuphulika chishango ndi ngale ya National Park Skaftafell. Malowa ali pamtunda pafupi ndi tauni ndi dzina yosavuta Kirkyubeyarklaustur. Vanishi dera m'gulu mapiri Chiayisilandiki 25 Km yaitali, wopangidwa mwa 115 zimaphala. Mapiri Katla ndi Grimsvotn - komanso mfundo za unyolo uwu. Kutalika kwa zimaphala ali makamaka yaing'ono 800-900 mamita. Mwayi Chigwa lagona penapake pakati kuwundana - yaikulu Vatnajökull ndi mýrdalsjökull ochepa. Iye ankaona yogwira koma ali kale zaka zoposa 200, palibe mavuto.

Grimsvotn

kuphulika Izi ndi vertex dera chomwe vanishi. Kutalika yeniyeni kuti palibe amene akudziwa. Ena amaganiza mamita 970 chabe, pamene anthu kuti chiwerengero pa mamita 1725. Miyeso ya Chigwa ndilo kovuta kudziwa, kuyambira nthawi iliyonse kuphulika ali kwambiri kuchuluka. Mawu "Grimsvotn" mu Chiayisilandiki amatanthauza "madzi kale loipa". Zikuoneka, mwina chifukwa pambuyo kuphulika amapezeka limatsogolera ena gawo la ayezi Vatnajökull lomwe limafotokoza. Grimsvotn ndi pafupi yogwira kwambiri pa chilumbachi, monga izo adamulowetsa zaka 3-10. Nthawi yotsiriza iyi chinachitika mu 2011, patsamba 21 May. Utsi ndi phulusa, anatulutsa ku Chigwa pake, anakwera kumwamba pa 20 Km. flights ambiri zimafika, osati Iceland komanso UK, Norway, Denmark, Scotland ndipo ngakhale mu Germany.

Kuphulika amapha

Mwayi pa mphindi ali chete ndi bata. Iye rages osowa, koma monga iwo amati, kufika. Mu 1783, kamodzinso kudzutsidwa kuphulika ku Iceland - Mwayi - ogwirizana mphamvu ya ziwanda ndi anansi ake Grimsvotn ndi kuonekeratu chiphalaphala otaya kugunda oyandikana nawo. Kutalika kwa mtsinje amoto pa 130 Km. Iye, kusesa zonse mu njira yake, kufalitsa pa malo a 565 Km ^2. Mu mlengalenga, monga helo, swirled nthunzi poizoni wa fluorine ndi sulfure. Chifukwa, zikwi nyama anaphedwa, pafupifupi mbalame ndi nsomba m'deralo. Kuyambira kutentha anayamba kusungunula ayezi, madzi anasefukira onse kuti si kuwotchedwa. kuphulika ichi kuphedwa 1/5 okhala m'dzikoli, ndi losonyeza chifunga, anaona zonse chilimwe, ngakhale mu America, ku kutentha kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi lonse la dziko kuchepetsa, kuchititsa njala m'mayiko ambiri. kuphulika Izi imatengedwa ochuluka kwambiri mbiri 1000 zaka za Earth.

Öræfajökull

Pano iwo ali, Chiayisilandiki kuphulika. Kumaliza nkhani zathu za nkhaniyo ndikufuna Öræfajökull, yaikulu pachilumbachi. Kuti chimbuzi ku Iceland - Hvannadalshnjukur pachimake. Volcano ili mu chikhalidwe malo Skaftafell. Kutalika kwa chimphona - mamita 2119, caldera wake si wozungulira, monga mabungwe ena ambiri ofanana ndi amakona anayi ndi mbali 4 ndi 5 Km. Öræfajökull ankaona yogwira, koma kuphulika otsiriza linamalizidwa mu May 1828 ndipo kwambiri mpaka sichikunditsutsa aliyense - mtengo yokutidwa ndi ayezi, ndipo chidwi chifukwa kukongola makolokoto.