Lithospheric mbale: chiphunzitso cha mbale lithospheric

Chiphunzitso cha mbale lithospheric - mmodzi wa chidwi kwambiri sayansi lawolawo. Kungoganizira mobilism (ayi - chokhala kulowerera), kamodzi aiwala, tsopano linatsitsimuka kachiwiri, chifukwa atulukira anomalies mizati maginito ndi alternating zizindikiro, zimene symmetrical m'ma nyanja zitunda (nkhwangwa awo), ndi magnetization pulayimale, komanso kusintha pa nthawi ya maginito mzati malo.

Mobwerezabwereza kutsimikizira chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa pansi pa madzi pamodzi ndi nkhwangwa zitunda m'ma zikuluzikulu m'madera zotumphukira wakhala analandira m'kupita kwa zaka zambiri kafukufuku, komanso chifukwa cha pobowola kwambiri madzi. Ndithu mphatso za kafukufuku wa lingaliro la chokhala kulowerera (mobilism) anapanga seismologists. Kudzera mukufufuza kwao, zinali zotheka kuti anthu amvetse ndondomeko kufalitsidwa kwa mabacteria zivomerezi pa dziko lapansili. Kunapezeka kuti madera awa zinthu zambiri, koma yopapatiza ndithu: ali pafupi Arc chachikulu, pamodzi masamba a m'mayiko ndi zitunda m'ma nyanja.

mbale tectonics

Izi mobilism kungoganizira amatchedwa "mbale tectonics". Iwo sali kwambiri - okwana anthu akuluakulu asanu ndi atatu ndi theka dazeni ang'onoang'ono. yotsirizira amatchedwanso microplates. The mbale yaikulu inali mkati mwa Pacific, ndi wochepa thupi, mosavuta permeable zikuluzikulu kutumphuka. Mu m'mayiko a Australia, Antarctic, African, American South, North America ndi mbale Eurasian chokhala kutumphuka. mbale Lithospheric malire osiyana (konsekonse) ndipo anayamba kupita tsidya padziko lathuli. Pamene mbale lithospheric mogwirizana, m'mbali ndi divergent: zimasweka, mbale mawonekedwe Rift zone (mng'alu), amene alandira chovala mankhwala. Padziko pansi, ikamauma ndi zikuluzikulu kutumphuka buildup amapezeka. Chirichonse chatsopano ndi latsopano chovala zinthu zimalowa zone kugaŵikana, lakamba zambiri ndi zimapangitsa mbale kusuntha Kodi iwo kusuntha padera, anapanga nyanja, ndi miyeso ake nthawi zonse kukula. Mtundu wa malire lero limodzi ndi nkhwangwa zitunda m'ma zikuluzikulu ndi kugaŵikana atathana ming'alu.

malire Convergent anapanga pamene mbale crustal converge. Ngati ankayandikira mnzake mu mabacteria kukhudzana zimachitika njira zovuta kwambiri, lomwe ndi asayansi zofunikira ziwiri allocated. Choyamba mwa zinthuzi n'chakuti kugunda mbale chokhala ndi zikuluzikulu mmodzi wa iwo amene akumira mu nsalu, ndipo limodzi mwa kuswa ndi warping. Mu zone kugunda kwa mtima cholinga zivomezi zimachitika. Pambuyo kukhudzana mbale mu pakhoma, izo mwina anasungunuka: zigawo zake kwambiri kuwala pambuyo kusungunuka kuwukanso pamwamba, kukhala kuphulitsa mapiri. A zigawo lolemererapo pang'onopang'ono akumira mu pakhoma, ndi adatchithisira pansi malire pachimake. Choncho anapanga Pacific mphete ya moto.

Pamene awiri chokhala ndi mbale ridging amapezeka. Izi zingaoneke ndi icing, ndi floes oundana n'kuyamba akukumana mzake, razdrablivayutsya. Pamene mbale crustal adzawombana, iwo ali wothinikizidwa, ndi nyumba zikuluzikulu phiri anapanga pa konsekonse.

Chiphunzitso cha mbale lithospheric

Pazaka ndi kuyang'anila ambiri, geophysics anakhazikitsa pafupifupi liwiro kuyenda mbale lithospheric. Dera anapanga mu kugunda Hindustan ndi mbale African ndi mbale Eurasian Alpine-Himalaya lamba psinjika mlingo wa mgwirizano ndi pakati 0,6 masentimita / yr ku HimalayasI ndi Pamir ndi 0.5 masentimita / chaka Gibraltar.

Chiphunzitso cha mbale lithospheric anapeza kuti Europe ukusunthira kutali North America pa mlingo wa pafupifupi 5 cm / chaka. Koma "mathanga" a Antarctica ku Australia pafupifupi 14 masentimita / chaka. Liwiro chapamwamba mbale zikuluzikulu - ovuta 4-7 kuposa imathamanga pa chokhala. Yachangu - Pacific mbale ndi slowest - Eurasian.