Dekart Mnazareti: yochepa yonena ndi chopereka kwa sayansi. Zokambirana ndi masamu chiphunzitso Descartes

Dekart Mnazareti (a mbiri mwachidule munthu ndi chinthu phunziro lathu) anali wotchuka French sayansi, masamu ndi nzeru zapamwamba, ndi physiologist. Iye anali woyambitsa wa rationalism ano European. Mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri a masiku ano metaphysicians.

Moyo Mnazareti Dekarta

wasayansi anabadwa March 31, 1596 mu France. Popeza kuti makolo anali olemekezeka, mnyamata kuyambira ali aphunzira bwino. Mu 1606, Mnazareti anatumizidwa kwa Akatolika College of La kung'anima. Popeza munthuyo anali amadwaladwala ku sukulu anapanga zokambirana boma izo. Mwachitsanzo, mmawa wake anayamba pang'ono pasanafike ophunzira ena. The gulu lomwelo Descartes anamuda nzeru ankaonetsetsa ndi chikusesa icho mu mphamvu ya moyo.

Nditamaliza maphunziro a ukachenjede, Renee anaganiza kuti maphunziro mopitirira, kotero analandira Bachelor ya Malamulo ku University of Poitiers.

Ndipo kale mu 1619, Descartes potsiriza akufuna kuchita sayansi. Nthawi imeneyi, iye anatha kupeza ndizosowa latsopano "sayansi Amazing."

Mu chaka cha makumi awiri cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri wakumana ndi masamu Mersenne, amene anaphunzira ndi chikoka kwambiri.

Mu 1637 iye anatulutsa ntchito wotchuka Mnazareti Dekarta, lofalitsidwa mu French, - "Nkhani njira". Ndi kwa buku lino anayamba nzeru zamakono European.

"Nkhani pa Njira"

Dekart Mnazareti (lalifupi mbiri ndi kutsimikizira kuti) anali ndi phiphiritso la view, lomwe likuonekera zoyesayesa za chikhalidwe European ndi miyambo kuchotsa mfundo akale ndi kumanga moyo watsopano, komanso sayansi. Choonadi, monga mwa mwambo wa sayansi ya, ankaona yekha "kuwala" kwa maganizo a anthu.

Kumene, Descartes si kukusalani phindu inayamba, koma iye akukhulupirira kuti nacita wake yekha - kuthandiza maganizo milandu anthu lomwe chidziwitso cha mphamvu si kokwanira.

Mnazareti Dekart, amene malingaliro ntchito nzeru ano, tikambirana mfundo deduction, kapena "kayendedwe ka ganizo", chomwe chili ndi choonadi mwachilengedwe. Nzeru anthu ali ofooka, kotero muyenera macheke zonse masitepe atengedwa. njirayi n'kofunika pofuna pali osasiya mipata mu kulingalira. Izi wasayansi cheke otchedwa kupatsidwa ulemu. Ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa cha deduction - dongosolo la chidziwitso chonse, kapena "konsekonse sayansi". sayansi A Mnazareti zikugwirizana ndi mtengo. muzu wake - ndiye metaphysics, thunthu - sayansi, ndi nthambi m'gulu la sayansi okonzera, mwambo ndi mankhwala. Aliyense wa sayansi izi ayenera kupindula. Aliyense gawo kukhala zothandiza kwambiri, izo ziyenera kukhala zolondola mwamtheradi akamabadwa.

Kufunsidwa komanso choonadi

Dekart Mnazareti, kanthawi yonena limene limafotokoza magawo zofunika kwambiri pa moyo, ankakhulupirira kuti metaphysics sayansi ayenera kuyamba ndi chopanda malire okhazikika chiyambi onse. Iye akuona kuti kuli dziko ndipo Mulungu akhoza kufunsidwa, koma kuti pali munthu, iye anati.

"Ine ndikukaika, chotero ine kulibe" - choonadi anakonza ndi René Descartes, amene anapanga kutembenuza kwambiri a European nzeru ano. Maziko a n'komwe ndi manyazi, choncho wasayansi akana mawonetseredwe aliyense wa malingaliro atakomoka. Maganizo - tsopano chuma cha moyo, choncho ndi "kulingalira chinthu".

Komabe, ngakhale kuti wasayansi amakhulupirira kuli zake zina, iye sanali kwathunthu amakhulupirira kuti pali moyo. Ngakhalenso kuonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zimene alipo popanda thupi. Ndipotu, thupi la munthu ndi moyo lankhondo okhulupirika. Koma popeza yotsirizira palokha palokha, chifukwa Mnazareti Dekarta ndi chinsinsi chosafa zotheka wa moyo.

M'mbuyo pa Mulungu

Dekart Mnazareti, kanthawi yonena ndilo umboni wa mapangidwe nzeru yatsopano, ndi kuganiza za ziphunzitso za Mulungu.

Komanso, kenako anatha kuchitira umboni kuti kuli Wamphamvuyonse. Chinthu odziwika bwino kwambiri ndi mfundo ontological. N'zosatheka amakana kuti Mulungu alipo pobvomereza.

No mkangano zosafuni- imatengedwa kuti kwambiri kufunika kwa moyo wa munthu, Wamphamvuyonse. Kwa Mulungu tili ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti dziko kunja alipo ndipo ali weniweni. Mulungu wosanamayo, choncho dziko zinthu alipo kwenikweni.

nzeru chilengedwe

Kamodzi wasayansi ankakhulupirira kuti kuli dziko chuma amayamba kuphunzira katundu wake. Ubwino waukulu wa zinthu chuma ndi kutalika kwake. malo opanda kanthu kulibe, chifukwa kumene Tambasula, pali chinthu yaitali.

Ziphunzitso za nzeru Mnazareti Dekarta 'ya Nature inanena kuti katundu wina wa zinthu zakuthupi unalipo mu maganizo a anthu. Ndipo iwo sali mu zinthu okha.

Wasayansi amakhulupirira zina zonse imakhala zinthu zosiyanasiyana: lapansi, moto ndi mpweya. zinthu zosiyana mtengo kokha. Komanso, zinthu sangasinthe uliri popanda pamaso pa zikuchitika. Ndipo iwo akusuntha mu mzere wolunjika - chizindikiro cha zinthu zachikhalire.

M'mabuku ake Mnazareti Dekart imakamba kusunga anakonzeratu kuchuluka kwa gulu lonse. Koma kayendedwe pakokha chuma cha nkhaniyo, koma kwa Mulungu. Mmodzi kugula woyamba yokwanira kanthu umene uli chisokonezeko, kudzikonda kusanduka mu danga amgwirizano.

Thupi ndi Soul

Mnazareti Dekart, kutsegula kwa amene zodziwika mdziko lonse, Nthawi zambiri zoyenera kuphunzira zamoyo. Iye amaona kuti njira champhamvu chimene angathe kuti azolowere malo aliwonse ndi kulabadira zimene zikuchitika kunja. amadza kunja imafalikira ku ubongo ndipo amagwira minofu chidule. Movement kugwiridwa ndi thupi - zinayendera, komanso achidule.

Nyama, palibe moyo, koma iye safuna iwo. Koma wasayansi si nkhawa. Iye anali ndi chidwi kuposa izo, chifukwa Moyo uli mwa munthu. Mu thupi la munthu akhoza kuchita ntchito ya kusintha zochita zachilengedwe thupi zikuchitika.

Asayansi akufufuza za m'mimba mwa nyama, komanso anafufuza mazira pamisinkhu onse a chitukuko. Kuthi Mnazareti Dekarta anakhala chinsinsi cha chipambano cha chiphunzitso yamakono ya bongo. reflex zochita ziwembu anapatsidwa reflex Arc amaonetsa pa ntchito yake.

Mnazareti Dekart: zikayenda m'munda wa sayansi ndi masamu

Wasayansi anali woyamba atchule zinthu, zosintha ndi madigiri tisonyezeni. Anathandizira ku chiphunzitso cha maikwezhoni anakonza ulamuliro wa Zizindikiro kupeza chiwerengero cha mizu zabwino ndi zoipa. Anasonyezanso kuti aone kuti pali digiri wachitatu zingathe kuthetsedwa mu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira kapena lalikulu ndi mkulu ndi kampasi.

Pamodzi ndi Pierre Fermat anali mlembi wa Masamu mawunikidwe. Kafukufuku ameneyu analola algebraizirovat Masamu ndi thanzi ndi njira ntchito. dongosolo lake akufuna ntchito chikutchedwa wasayansi lapansi.

Mu 1637, Descartes analemba buku "Masamu", imene ikunenedwa zimachitika pakati ajebura ndi masamu. Apa, kwa nthawi yoyamba anachitira ndi mfundo monga ntchito ndi phindu variable.

Komanso ntchito imeneyi amaphatikiza mzere kuti limafotokoza ake asilikali zoyenda hinge. Kuyendera mandala, wasayansi anapereka njira yaikulu yomanga tangents ndi normals kwa pamapindikira mosabisa.

Pakali pano, dziko lonse amadziwa kuti anatsegula Mnazareti Dekart. ntchito yake "Masamu" mukopedwe chitukuko cha m'madera onse a masamu. Chifukwa cha chidali chifuniro cha ntchito dongosolo kuti weniweni kutanthauzira za chiyambi cha nambala negative.

Descartes 'ntchito ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa sayansi. Ndinkatha zopanga lamulo la inertia, ndipo anali mlembi wa lamulo la refraction kunyezimira kuwala.

Kutanthauza Descartes ntchito nzeru

ntchito zake wasayansi anali wokhoza kutumiza m'njira ina kwa nzeru za makono. Spinoza ndi anzeru ena European anamvera malangizo ake pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nzeru ngati sayansi yeniyeni. Komanso kuti metaphysics iyenera kumangidwa pa mtengo wa chiphunzitso cha moyo. Descartes andzesera mlingo watsopano mtsutso za umboni kuti Mulungu alipo.

Khalidwe la wasayansi

Mnazareti Dekart, kutsegula zomwe zinamuthandiza kwambiri kwa anthu lonse, anali munthu phe, ndi mafunso onse wakufunsa mayankho wochenjera adayankha chabe ndi youma. Khalidweli zayambitsa moyo ndithu yekha. Komabe, m'dziko la mabwenzi apamtima ndi anzawo, anakhala sociable kwambiri ndi wansangala mnzake.

Malinga Baljet padziko asayansi anasonkhana ambiri mabwenzi enieni ndi odzipereka ndi mafani koma wasayansi sanali mwakuti angathe kukonda ena. Polimbana ndi anzake anali wodzikuza ndiponso wodzikuza, koma, mwatsala personages apamwamba chiyambi, nthawi yomweyo anakhala sycophantic courtier.

A mawu ochepa a Mnazareti Descartes

wasayansi mayi anamwalira masiku angapo pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake. Mnyamatayo anali akali moyo, koma zaka makumi awiri, anali mu mkhalidwe kumalire ndi dziko la moyo zoipa. Zonse youma chifuwa ndi complexion wotumbululuka anali chitsimikiziro. Iye anakhala mwana mu malo osangalatsa, amene anatchuka chifukwa nyengo yake wofatsa lachonde ndi minda zamatsenga.

Nditamaliza sukulu ali ndi zaka ziwiri, iye kwathunthu anasiya ankakonda mabuku ndi kuphunzira. kokha kuchinga ndi atakwera chidwi mnyamata. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti ndi munthu kulenga sanalandire kudziwa kuti ankafunika kuchitapo kanthu zina.

Onse zokumana nazo ndi zidindo, lomwe lili bwinobwino wamng'ono Descartes, nthawi yomweyo anakhala generalizations ndi malamulo. Pa masewera kuchinga wasayansi tsogolo analemba "Treatise on kuchinga pa."

Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, Mnazareti anapita ku ufumu wa Sweden pa kuyitana kwa Mfumukazi Christina. Iye walonjeza kuti adzapatsa chiphunzitso wakale munda waukulu ku Pomerania. Koma kuwombola, Descartes anali kuphunzitsa nzeru ake.

Wodwalika munthu anali kudzuka m'mawa kwambiri asanu m'mawa ayenera kukhala ku nyumba yachifumu. Ulendo wa ku chinyumba wa Mfumukazi unali wautali ndi woopsa. Kamodzi pa Tayenda ulendo wasayansi anabwerera ndi chibayo. Popeza atadwala kwa masiku asanu ndi anayi, Mnazareti Dekart anafa.