Detrital clastic miyala: maonekedwe, mitundu ndi gulu

Terrigenous kudzikundikira ndi miyala amene anapanga chifukwa cha zinyalala ukusuntha ndi yogawa - makina particulate mchere wovulala pa ntchito zonse za mphepo, madzi, ayezi, mafunde nyanja. M'mawu ena, kuwonongeka mankhwala a ranges analipo phiri, yomwe chifukwa chiwonongeko akukonza zinthu mankhwala ndi makina, ndipo kenaka mu dziwe chomwecho kusanduka thanthwe lolimba. Terigennye miyala chifukwa cha 20% ya accumulations onse nyanja pansi, malo amenenso zosiyanasiyana, nufikira mpaka 10 kuchokera mu kuya kwa matanthwe a pansi padziko. Choncho Mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuya malo chinthu kudziwa kapangidwe awo.

Weathering monga sitepe ya kupanga miyala clastic

Sitepe yoyamba ndi yaikulu mapangidwe ndi clastic miyala chiwonongeko. Choncho pali zinthu nyanja, chifukwa mu fupa lothyoka pamwamba pamtunda pa miyala magmatic chiyambi nyanja ndi metamorphic. mapiri Choyamba zagonjetsedwa kwa chikoka makina, monga akulimbana, onongani. Zotsatirazi ndi ndondomeko mankhwala (kusinthika), Chifukwa cha zomwe miyala kusamukira ku limati zina.

The weathering zinthu anasiyanitsidwa pa kapangidwe ndi kusuntha. Mpweya masamba sulfure, zotayidwa ndi chitsulo - mu njira ndi colloids, calcium, sodium ndi potaziyamu - mu njira, koma silika kugonjetsedwa ndi kuvunda, choncho ngati khwatsi amakhala zinyalala umakaniko zoperekedwa ndi loyenda madzi.

A sitepe ya kupanga mayendedwe m'matanthwe clastic

Gawo lachiwiri limene anapanga clastic nyanja miyala, ndi kusamutsa anapanga ndi weathering ya makina mphepo nyanja chuma, madzi kapena oundana. The transporter waukulu particles ndi madzi. Kungolandira dzuwa mphamvu, madzi ukuphwera pamene ukuyenda mu mlengalenga, ndi kugwa mu madzi mawonekedwe kapena olimba kumtunda, kupanga mtsinje kunyamula zinthu limati osiyana (kusungunuka, colloidal kapena olimba).

chiwerengero ndi kulemera kwa makombo kusamutsidwa zimadalira mphamvu, mathamangidwe ndi buku la moyenda madzi. Mofulumira mitsinje kusamutsidwa mchenga, miyala, ndi zina timiyala, inaimitsidwa kanthu, nayenso, anasamukira ku particles dothi. Oundana, mitsinje phiri mudflow boulders chochuluka kusamutsidwa, kukula kwa particles ngati ukufika 10 cm.

Sedimentogenesis - sitepe yachitatu

Sedimentogenesis - ndi kudzikundikira kusamutsidwa formations nyanja, mmene particles anasamutsa chindipitirire boma makina ku malo amodzi. Pankhaniyi mankhwala ndi makina zosiyanasiyana pa nkhaniyi. Chifukwa, particles woyamba anasiyanitsidwa, anasamutsira mu njira kapena colloids mu dziwe, malingana oloŵa m'malo kuchepetsa chilengedwe zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ndi kusintha amenewa a beseni ndi. Chifukwa, kulekana makina wa zinyalala zosiyanasiyana limapezeka mwa kulemera, ndipo ngakhale kukula ndi njira liwiro awo kayendedwe. particles kotero anasamutsidwa ndi waikamo uniformly bwino, monga mwa magawidwe a pansi lonse la dziwe. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, boulders, timiyala ali waikamo mu pakamwa mitsinje pa phiri m'tsinde pa gombe akhala miyala, zikawonongeka - mchenga (monga ali kachigawo chabwino ndi luso amayenda maulendo ataliatali, ndi madera amene ankalamulira ankakakamiza lalikulu kuposa miyala) chimafikira kutsatira matope chabwino, dongo zambiri woterowu.

Mbali chachinayi mapangidwe - diagenesis

Mbali chinayi mapangidwe clastic miyala sitepe, wotchedwa diagenesis, ndilo kutembenuka mtima kwa mpweya atasunga mwala zovuta. Waikamo pansi pa dziwe chuma kale kusamutsidwa, ikamauma kapena kungoti kuwasandutsa miyala. Kenako, matope a wambirimbiri mu zigawo zikuluzikulu zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana zomwe kupanga mankhwala ndi pompopompo kusakhazikika ndiponso nonequilibrium kulankhulana, kotero zigawo zikuluzikulu amayamba yatikhudza ndi mzake. Atavutika particles okusayidi khola pakachitsulo amagwiritsidwa anapeza mu sludge wakupambana mu feldspar, organic precipitates ndi dongo labwino kuti ndipamene kuchepetsa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti akuya masentimita 2-3, amatha kusintha zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni sing'anga pamwamba.

Chomaliza: zikamera wa miyala clastic

Pakuti diagenesis ayenera katagenesis - ndondomeko chimene aumbike miyala metamorphic. Motero, kukula sedimentation mwala amaloŵamo gawo kusintha kutentha apamwamba ndi anzawo. Zotsatira yaitali chotero gawo kutentha ndi mavuto limathandiza kupititsa patsogolo ndi mapangidwe miyala komaliza zomwe zikhoza kwa dazeni kwa zaka biliyoni.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, kutentha boma 200 madigiri Celsius kusokonekera mchere ndi mapangidwe misa zinthu zatsopano mchere. Choncho ndi clastic miyala, zitsanzo zomwe zili mu mphambano iliyonse ya dziko lapansi.

miyala carbonate

The zogwirizana clastic ndi carbonate miyala? Yankho lake ndi losavuta. The zikuchokera carbonate nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo clastic (fragmental ndi dongo) magulu. Kuweta carbonate mchere wa miyala nyanja ndi dolomite ndi calcite. Iwo akhoza kukhala mwina padera kapena pamodzi ndi chiŵerengero awo nthawi zonse zosiyana. Izi zidalira pa nthawi ndipo njira ya mapangidwe m'dambo carbonate. Ngati terrigene wosanjikiza pathanthwe ndi wamkulu kuposa 50%, si carbonate, ndipo zikukhudzana ndi miyala ngati clastic monga silts, aggregates, grits kapena mchenga, i.e. clastic magulu doped ndi carbonates, chiwerengero cha amene ali mpaka 5%.

Gulu la miyala clastic mu mlingo wa roundness

miyala Clastic, gulu zachokera makhalidwe angapo wofotokozedwa ndi roundness, kukula ndi cementation zidutswa. Timayamba ndi mlingo wa nazo. Iwo ali kudalira mwachindunji pa kuuma, tinthu kukula ndi chikhalidwe cha mayendedwe mu mapangidwe thanthwe. Mwachitsanzo, particles anatenga pa nyanja zamwano, ndi amanoledwa pafupifupi alibe m'mbali lakuthwa. Mtundu, amene poyamba anali lotayirira, manowa kwathunthu. mtundu wa mwala anatsimikiza mtima zikuchokera simenti, kungakhale dongo, opal, glandular, carbonate.

Zosiyanasiyana miyala clastic waukulu zinyalala

Komanso miyala clastic ofunitsitsa ndi kukula kwa atamusolola. Malinga kukula Mitundu awo agawidwa m'magulu anayi. Gulu loyamba kupatsa makombo, amene kukula ndi wamkulu kuposa 1 mm. miyala amatchedwa yaikulu fragmental. Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo makombo, kukula kwa amene ali mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 1 mamilimita kuti 0,1 mm. Izi miyala mchenga. Gulu lachitatu zikuphatikizapo zidutswa kuyambira kukula 0.1 kuti 0.01 mm. gulu limeneli linkatchedwa miyala silty. Otsiriza chachinayi gulu imalongosola miyala argillaceous, zinyalala tinthu kukula zimasiyanasiyana 0.01 kuti 0,001 mm.

Gulu la dongosolo clastic thanthwe

Gawo lina ndi kusiyana mu kapangidwe ka wosanjikiza clastic, amene amathandiza kudziwa chikhalidwe cha mapangidwe thanthwe. Magawo kapangidwe amadziwika Kuwonjezera zigawo ina ya thanthwe. Iwo zigwirizana wa pansi ndi pamwamba. Malinga mtundu wa layering zingadziŵike ndi chilengedwe chimene thanthwe unakhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, m'mphepete mwa nyanja zinthu m'madzi kupanga opendekera layering, nyanja ndi nyanja kupanga mtundu ndi zofunda analemba utuluke madzi - mtanda zofunda.

Mavuto amene clastics anapanga, mukhoza kudziwa makhalidwe a wosanjikiza pamwamba, i.e. ndi kukhalapo zosonyeza ripple, mvula, ming'alu kapena shrinkage Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m'nyanja. The porous mwala dongosolo zikusonyeza kuti zinyalala anapanga chifukwa cha volcanogenic, terrigenous, biogenic kapena supergene zotsatira. Kapangidwe chachikulu zingadziŵike ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chiyambi.

Mtundu wa thanthwe zikuchokera

miyala Clastic anawagawa polymictic kapena polymineral ndi monomictic kapena monomineral. Zoyambazo, nayenso anatsimikiza mtima zikuchokera mchere angapo, koma iwo akutchedwa losanganikirana. Chachiwiri munthu alinga zikuchokera mchere ndi (khwatsi feldspar kapena mitundu). Ndi mitundu polymictic monga grauvaki (zikuphatikizapo particles wa phulusa la chiphala chamoto) ndi arkose (particles anapanga ndi chiwonongeko cha lubwe). Zikuchokera clastic miyala kumatanthauza magawo mapangidwe awo. Malinga lililonse siteji, kupanga cholowa mu chiwerengero zinthu. Clastic nyanja miyala popezeka wokhoza kunena, pa nthawi, kodi pali vuto kukuyenda mu mlengalenga, momwe iwo amafalitsidwa pansi pa dziwe, amene zamoyo ndi zimene siteji achita nawo mapangidwe a, komanso zinthu zimene zinapangidwa miyala clastic .