Disolo mphamvu ya mandala

Refraction kuwala ankagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana kuwala: makamera, zoyang'anira, telesikopu, microscopes. Singasiyanitsidwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri mwa zipangizozi ndi mandala. Ndipo mphamvu ya mandala - mmodzi wa mfundo zofunika amakhala iliyonse chida kuwala.

Disolo kuwala kapena galasi kuwala - kuwala-permeable galasi thupi limene njanjira mbali zonse ozungulira kapena ena pamalo yokhota kumapeto (imodzi pamalo awiri kungakhale lathyathyathya).

The mawonekedwe a kali zikuthamangathamanga kungakhale ozungulira, cylindrical kapena zina. Magalasi kuti ndi pakati chachikulu kuposa m'mbali, wotchedwa otukukira kunja; ndi m'ma m'mbali thicker - concave.
Ngati inu tiyeni mtengo yomweyi cheza kuwala pa maso otukukira kunja, ndi kuika nsalu yotchinga wake, ndiye kusuntha izo wachibale mandala, ife pang'ono yowala malo. Iye kuswa matabwa ake akugwa, kusonkhanitsa iwo. Choncho, umatchedwa yolandira. The concave mandala refracting kuwala, diffuses m'manja. Njirayi imatchedwa kubalalika.

pakati disolo amatchedwa likulu lake kuwala. mzere aliyense kuti umadutsa izo, anapambana anangotchula wa olamulira kuwala. A olamulira intersecting mfundo yaikulu ya ozungulira refractive pamwamba amatchedwa chachikulu (pakati) wa olamulira kuwala kwa mandala, ena - mbali nkhwangwa.

Ngati walangizidwa pa yosonkhanitsa mandala olamulira mtengo kufanana kwa nguli, kudutsa izo, mtengo uwu udzakhala intersect olamulira pa mtunda wina kwa izo. Mtunda akutchedwa Utali ndi mfundo mphambano palokha - cholinga chake. magalasi onse awiri cholinga, ndiwo mbali zonse. Potengera malamulo a refraction kuwala, n'zotheka chiphunzitso kutsimikizira kuti onse matabwa ofananira kapena cheza kubwera pafupi waukulu kuwala olamulira zinachitika pa gulu mandala kufanana kwa olamulira converge pa inagona. Experience akutsimikiza chitsimikizo ongolankhula.

Tiyeni mtengo kunyezimira kufanana kwa olamulira yaikulu ya olamulira kuwala pa woonda dvoyakougolnuyu mandala, tiona kuti mwa iyo, cheza awa amapita mtengo umene diverges. Mu nkhani ya kukhudzana ndi chotero mtengo divergent mu maso athu, ife tingaganize kuti cheza anabwera mfundo imodzi. Mfundo walandira anangotchula cholinga pafupifupi. The ndege yomwe imachitika perpendicular kwa waukulu olamulira kuwala kudutsa cholinga disolo amatchedwa ndege mogwirizana. The ndege mogwirizana disolo ndi awiri, ndipo zili mbali zonse za izo. Pamene mandala imatsogoleredwa mtanda wa kuwala, amene likufanana ndi mbali iliyonse ya olamulira kuwala, mtengo, pambuyo refraction amapezeka kuti lokhazikika pa olamulira lolingana pa mphambano ake ndi ndege mogwirizana.

Mphamvu kuwala disolo - ili pali mtengo, ndilo reciprocal wa m'litali focal. Ife tanthauzo pogwiritsa njira:
1 / F = D.

Unit ya muyeso wa mphamvu imeneyi imatchedwa diopters.
1 diopter - mphamvu kuwala kwa mandala kukhala mtunda focal 1 m.
Mu magalasi otukukira kunja mphamvu imeneyi ndi zabwino, pamene concave wa - negative.
Mwachitsanzo: Kodi kukhala mphamvu kuwala kwa choonetsedwa mandala otukukira kunja ngati F = 50 cm - m'litali focal?
D = 1 / F; ndi kungoganizira: F = 0,5 mamita; motero: D = 1 / 0.5 = 2 diopters.
Ukulu wa kutalika focal, ndipo choncho, mphamvu ya mandala anafotokozedwa ndi refractive index chuma, chomwe ndi mandala ndi utali wozungulira wa pamalo ozungulira zikuthamangathamanga izo.

chiphunzitso amapereka chilinganizo chimene angathe kuwerengera kuti:
D = 1 / F = (n - 1) (1 / R1 + 1 / R2).
Mu dongosolo ili, N - refraction nkhani mandala, R1, 2 - ndi radii wa kupindika padziko. The radii wa pamalo otukukira kunja amaonedwa zabwino ndi concave - negative.

Khalidwe chithunzi kuwapeza chinthu mandala, mwachitsanzo. E. Kukula ndi malo zimadalira malo chinthu wachibale disolo. chinthu malo ndi ukulu wake angapezeke ndi ntchito chilinganizo disolo:
1 / F = 1 / D + 1 / f.
Kudziwa liniya magnification mandala ntchito njira:
K = f / d.

Mphamvu kuwala disolo - lingaliro kuti amafuna kuphunzira zambiri.