The ndondomeko lingaliro ndi masitepe a institutionalization. Institutionalization mu Russia. Institutionalization - izo ...

moyo Public - lingaliro Mipikisano faceted. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa anthu Russian, pamene ife tikuwona kuchokera ku mbiriyakale, zimadalira khalidwe unachitikira mu izo yeniyeni kulenga aluntha ndondomeko. institutionalization ndi chiyani? gulu iyi yapachiweniweni anthu yovomerezeka ndimeyi njira chikhalidwe. Chida Society protrude anayamba maphunziro ozindikira - mabungwe ndi amodzi ntchito chithunzi dongosolo zonse, mafotokozedwe ntchito. dera lililonse la moyo pagulu - ndale, a zachuma, zamalamulo, pazankhani, chikhalidwe - kuti limafotokozedwa mwachidule mu ikuyendera anthu ndi streamline ndondomekoyi.

Zitsanzo za institutionalization ndi Mwachitsanzo, nyumba yamalamulo kukhazikika pa maziko a mbadwa khamu; Sukulu, analimbikitsa ku ntchito ya chabwino wojambula, wojambula, wovina, katswiri wa nzeru; chipembedzo kuti unalembedwa chiyambi chake kwa kulalikira kwa aneneri. Choncho, institutionalization - zoona, pakati pake penipeni, - inalamula.

Icho mmalo makhalidwe ambiri munthu mmodzi - zowombetsa mkota malamulo. Ngati ife kulankhula za zinthu kamangidwe ka ndondomeko izi, anayamba ndi akatswiri, Zamakhalidwe malamulo, statuses ndi maudindo - akuchita kukhazikitsa ndi limagwirira kuthetsa kukanikiza zofuna chikhalidwe.

Russian institutionalization

Kuyenera anazindikira kuti alidi odalirika maziko a zachuma anapereka institutionalization mu Russia m'nthawi watsopano. Zoperekedwa kupanga kukula. Ziziyenda ndalezo "ntchito" Malamulo chamoyo kulekana kwa malamulo, wamkulu milandu, ufulu alipo pakuchokera chitukuko chotero.

Mwambiriyakale, institutionalization boma la Russia anatenga zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Woyamba (1991-1998 gg.) - kusintha kwa ulamuliro wa Soviet Union.
• The chachiwiri (1998-2004 gg.) - kusintha mu chitsanzo cha anthu ku oligarchic kuti boma capitalist.
• Wachitatu (2005-2007 gg.) - mapangidwe mabungwe ogwira a anthu.
• Wachinayi (kuyambira mu 2008) - siteji, yodziwika ndi nawo ntchito bwino likulu anthu.

Mu Russia pali chitsanzo elitist wa demokalase, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu mwachangu nawo wandale, womwe ndi maganizo Russian, ananena ulamuliro wa zinthu boma pa zofuna za munthu. The wofunika kwambiri anthu wamba thandizo mfundo osankhika.

Kuyenera anazindikira kuti kuchepetsa chinthu kuti chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe, anaphunzitsidwa "mgugu" zaka 90 wa nihilism malamulo a anthu. Koma anthu anayambitsanso mfundo latsopano la demokalase. The institutionalization mphamvu Russia zinachititsa kuti chakuti andale zidzasankhidwa osati mphamvu, komanso nawo a mabungwe a. Panopa ntchito ya masika. Iwo analankhula zimakhudza zinthu zina patsogolo chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Dera cha mphamvu ya boma ndi anthu onse a m'dzikolo. Pakati pa mabungwe waukulu ndale monga boma lokha, anthu wamba. The peculiarity wa institutionalization Russian ndi makongoletsedwe ake ndi zofuna za chitukuko za dziko. Si nthawi zonse ogwira pano ali wakhungu zoitanitsa mabungwe Western, kotero institutionalization mu Russia - njira kulenga.

Institutionalization ndi chikhalidwe mabungwe

mabungwe Social ndi institutionalization ndi zofunika monga chida chilengedwe kaphatikizidwe khama la anthu ambiri okhala m'madera osiyanasiyana chitaganya kuti Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mulingo woyenera chuma ndiponso kusangalala ndi anthu Russian.

Mwachitsanzo, boma zipangizo mphamvu zosoŵa za nambala pazipita nzika. Institute Chilamulo nthawi ubale pakati pa anthu ndi boma, komanso anthu ndi anthu onse. Institute of chikhulupiriro amathandiza anthu kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro, tanthauzo la moyo, choonadi.

mabungwe awa ndi maziko a anthu wamba. Iwo kwaiye zosowa za anthu, zomwe ndi chibadidwe kumasonyeza misa alikodi.

Kuyambira mfundo mwamwambo chabe maganizo a bungwe lina la chikhalidwe akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati "dongosolo udindo" lagona pa udindo ndi ulemu wa anthu osiyanasiyana a anthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuchita boma boma, ndi mabungwe a Russian kuti apeze umayenda pazipita likupita kuphatikiza kuika pazipita miyambo, miyambo, makhalidwe ndi miyezo abwino. Lamulo ndi ulamuliro wa maubale ikuchitika ndi mabungwe a ntchito, akuchita malamulo malamulo ndi chikhalidwe zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe ndi miyambo izi.

Pakuti mtima Russian nkofunika kwambiri kwa dzuwa pazipita kulimbikitsa gulu lolembedwa ntchito za bungwe mwamwayi.

Maonekedwe osiyana ndi a mabungwe othandiza zosiyanasiyana cikhalidwe wa dziko kudziwa kupezeka, achuluka mitundu mpaka kalekale ankachita, monga lamulo la ntchito boma komanso dongosolo la ntchito yawo, pamaso m'chigawo cha "chopapatiza 'akatswiri ophunzitsidwa ndani.

Kodi mabungwe chikhalidwe angatchedwe lofunika kwambiri masiku ano? Mndandanda amadziwika: m'banja, matenda, maphunziro, zodzitetezera pa umoyo, malonda, mpingo, misa TV. kaya Institutsionizirovany? Amadziwika kuti aliyense malangizo amenewa boma pali utumiki zogwirizana, ndilo "nsonga" nthambi ziwalo, lomwe lili ndi zigawo. Dongosolo dera mphamvu wamkulu bungwe amazilamulira yoyenera, ukulamulidwa mwachindunji ndi asangalatsi, komanso monga mphamvu ya zochitika zogwirizana chikhalidwe.

zipani zandale ndi institutionalization awo

Institutionalization za ndale mu kutanthauzira panopa anayamba nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Za matabwa ake tinganene kuti ikukhudza institutionalization ndale ndiponso malamulo. Political bungwe ndi optimizes khama la nzika kukhazikitsa ndale. Malamulo inakhazikitsa za malamulo ndi ntchito. zofunika komanso ndi vuto kuonetsetsa chilungamo ndalama ntchito chipani ndi malamulo a mogwirizana ake ndi ntchito ndi boma.

Zolimbana anaika udindo zowombetsa mkota malamulo a zipani zonse (boma ndi zina mabungwe) ndi udindo munthu chikhalidwe aliyense (amasonyeza chuma ndi udindo pa anthu).

The ntchito ndi udindo wa zipani ano zinakhazikitsa malamulo. Mu Russia, vuto la institutionalization maphwando amalola wapadera malamulo feduro "Pa zipani". Malinga ndi iye chipani aumbike mwa njira ziwiri: mwina msonkhano woyamba wa m'gululi kusandulika (gulu onse).

boma nthawi ntchito za magulu, womwe ndi ufulu ndi ntchito, ntchito, kugwira nawo chisankho ntchito ndalama, paubwenzi ndi mabungwe ntchito m'mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso maganizo.

amafuna kutipanikiza ndi: Russian chikhalidwe cha chipani, chiwerengero cha mamembala, Non-maganizo, si achipembedzo, si dziko chikhalidwe cha bungwe (oposa 50 ths.).

Chifaniziro cha maphwando mu aphungu amaperekedwa ndi mayanjano cha akuluakulu kusankhidwa iwo (tuzigawo twa).

malamulo komanso kumatanthauza umunthu malamulo a zipani: utsogoleri, boma, oyendetsera dziko ndi malamulo.

The institutionalization nkhondo

Tiyeni tione mbiri. The institutionalization nkhondo monga chodabwitsa chitukuko wapeza chiyambi chake mu masiku oyambirira ubale capitalist. Kuwamana alimi a dziko ndi nzika lalikulu, kusintha kwa udindo wawo mu proletarians ndi, mikangano akutulukira bourgeois kalasi, ndipo sakufuna kusiya malo a amazikonda anthu otchuka.

Kumbali ya lamulo la institutionalization nkhondo - chikalata nkhondo ziwiri: mafakitale ndi andale. Kukangana olemba ntchito anzawo ndi ogwira ntchito ndi Lamulo la Institute of mapangano losonkhanitsidwa ndi mabungwe, kutenga nkhani zofuna za antchito. Mkangano ulamuliro wa anthu amaloledwa limagwirira othandiza.

Choncho, institutionalization nkhondo ndi chitetezo chida cha chikhalidwe kugwirizana ndi sikelo dongosolo.

maganizo a anthu ndi institutionalization ake

maganizo a anthu ndi mankhwala a mogwirizana pakati pa zigawo zosiyana za anthu, ndale, mabungwe chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe Intaneti komanso atolankhani. Mphamvu ya maganizo a anthu chawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha Internet, interactivity, kung'anima achipolowe.

The institutionalization maganizo onse walenga bungwe yeniyeni, kuphunzira maganizo mavoti onse a zigawo, akuneneratu zotsatira za chisankho. mabungwe awa kusonkhanitsa, kuphunzira wogwila kupanga maganizo atsopano pagulu. Kuyenera anazindikira kuti phunziro limeneli kawirikawiri nkani ndi zochokera zitsanzo okondera.

Mwatsoka, kusasintha chuma mwamwayi kupotoza mfundo "institutionalization wa maganizo a anthu." Pankhaniyi, zigamulo ndi zofuna za anthu ambiri sapeza kuzindikira ndale yeniyeni ya boma. Choncho, pakati pa chifuniro cha anthu ndikukhazikitsa ayenera kulankhulana mwamavuvu kudzera yamalamulo. akuluakulu Osankhidwa ayenera kutumikira maganizo a anthu ndi yomweyo kutenga zofunika zochita malamulo.

ntchito Social ndi institutionalization

Kumapeto kwa XIX - oyambirira XX m'ma m'dziko Western European chifukwa mafakitale ndi okhudzidwa mu ulimi chikhalidwe cha zosiyanasiyana magulu adanyamuka Institute of Social Ntchito. Zinali makamaka ubwino chikhalidwe ndi mabanja antchito chithandizo. makhalidwe masiku ano chikhalidwe ntchito anapeza bwino chithandizo athandize nzika zawo sizinachitike ndinazolowera zikhalidwe za moyo kwa anthu.

ntchito Social, malingana ndi nkhani ya kukhazikitsa ndi boma, anthu ndi kusakaniza. mabungwe a boma monga unduna wa Policy Social ndi maudindo dera ake, maofesi m'deralo, kutumikira anthu chikhalidwe ovutika. Thandizo amaperekedwa kwa anthu ena a anthu. Ndi zonse, wanthawi zonse ogwira ntchito zothandiza anthu ikuchitika ndi zochokera bajeti. Public monga chikhalidwe ntchito kwawo imagwiridwa ndi anthu ongodzipereka ndipo nthawi zambiri osasamba. Monga momwe mukuonera, ndi institutionalization a chikhalidwe ntchito yabwino kwambiri pamene osokonezeka zosinthika, amene azikhala boma ndi anthu mawonekedwe ake.

Anaima pa institutionalization za chuma mthunzi

Ndondomeko poetapen institutionalization. Ndipo magawo onse a ndimeyi ake - muyezo. Chimayambitsa ndondomeko iyi ndi nthawi yomweyo ndi kufunika kupereka maziko kukhazikitsa chimene chili chofunika kulinganiza zochita za anthu. Bwerani njira paradoxical. Taganizirani institutionalization la magawo mu mapangidwe chotero anayambitsa zoipa ngati "mthunzi chuma".

• Gawo I - zofuna maonekedwe. Anthuwo ankayendetsa zachuma (monga katundu wa likulu, cashing) wa wothandizila munthu zachuma (kuyambira 90 ntchentche. M'ma Last) kuthi lonse komanso mwadongosolo.
• II siteji - mapangidwe maudindo ndi kutumikira kukhazikitsa mfundo zawo. cholinga kungakhale Mwachitsanzo, kukhala anakonza motere: "Ndithu, kulenga kwa dongosolo la zachuma," zosaoneka "chifukwa Control State. Kujambula nyengo dera limene anthu mphamvu ndi ufulu Kulekerera. "
• III siteji - chilengedwe cha Zamakhalidwe ndi malamulo. mfundo izi poyamba anapereka malamulo ndi "ubwenzi" mphamvu kuti azilamulira anthu ( "dongosolo Byzantine Mphamvu"). Komabe, "sanali kuchita" malamulo chikhalidwe ndi kukakamiza mabungwe malonda "kupita pansi pa denga la" nyumba wapathengo kwenikweni wokhulupirira ntchito zolimbana, malamulo otaika.
• Gawo IV - kuoneka mbali muyezo kugwirizana ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya "kuteteza malonda" anthu amphamvu chitetezo, ntchito ya chivundikiro mlandu raiders, cashing wa Finance pansi pa zimenezi fictitious, kukhazikitsa pa "kickbacks" dongosolo ndalama bajeti.
• Gawo V - kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi ntchito. Pang'onopang'ono kulenga mthunzi akatembenuka malo si malonda atolankhani boma. Amangogwiritsa ntchito zina makasitomala zisathe yaitali. Chiwerengero cha kutembenuka nawo kochepa, iwo bwinobwino mpikisano ndi mabungwe boma otembenuka. azimuth wina: mthunzi malipiro, amene chimachititsa 15-80%.
• Gawo VI - chilengedwe cha dongosolo la ziletso kuteteza dongosolo chigawenga. Maudindo akuluakulu aboma, privatized likulu misonkhano malonda. Iwo, akuluakulu awa, "malamulo", chilango cha "defamation" chifukwa "kumawononga makhalidwe abwino". Ankalamulira matupi ufulu pamanja anthu ndi maulamuliro msonkho timasintha n'kukhala paokha "kumuwombera" anthu amphamvu.
• Gawo VII - mthunzi mphamvu choimirira. Akuluakulu kutembenukira levers mphamvu zawo pa moyo wa ntchito yawo. mautumiki mphamvu ndi ofesi khoti linalamula kwenikweni olekanitsidwa ntchito poteteza anthu ali. Oweruza, kupereka ndondomeko ya oyang'anira mzindawo ndipo "watopa" ndi izo.

The ndondomeko ya institutionalization, pamene ife tikuwona, ndi chilengedwe chonse mawu a magawo amafotokoza. Choncho, n'kofunika kuti akumane ndi zinthu zaphindu ndi yovomerezeka chikhalidwe cha anthu. Institute of chuma mthunzi, akuchuluka khalidwe la moyo wa nzika wamba, adzakwapulidwa inathetsedwa anayambitsa lamulo.

Sociology ndi institutionalization

Sociology maphunziro chitaganya dongosolo zovuta nchito kutenga nkhani mabungwe chikhalidwe ndi ubwenzi pakati pawo, Gona ndi madera. Sociology zikusonyeza anthu mu mawu a asilikali ake mkati ndi mphamvu ya chitukuko, khalidwe la gulu lalikulu la anthu, ndipo Komanso, mogwirizana wa munthu ndi dziko. Imakhala ndi kulongosola akamanena za zochitika chikhalidwe ndi khalidwe la nzika, komanso kusonkhanitsa ndi yosanthula deta chachikulu sociological.

Institutionalization ya Sociology akufotokoza zomwenso lamkati la sayansi, inalamula chikhalidwe njira ndi statuses ndi ntchito, iye Cholinga kuonetsetsa ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya anthu. Choncho, pali chodabwitsa ndi: Chaanthu yokha akugwa pansi pa tanthauzo la Institute.

Magawo a Development Sociology

magawo angapo osiyana mu chitukuko cha Chaanthu ngati dziko latsopano la sayansi.

• Gawo loyamba amatanthauza 30-m ya XIX atumwi, ndi phunziro la Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndi njira ya sayansi ndi French nzeru zapamwamba Auguste Comte.
• The chachiwiri - "opaleshoni nthawi" ya terminology sayansi, kupeza akatswiri oyenerera, gulu la kuwombola sayansi mudziwe ntchito.
• Chachitatu - kuika okha monga mbali ya nzeru za "akatswiri".
• Chachinayi - chilengedwe cha sukulu sociological ndi gulu la woyamba Magazini ya sayansi yotchedwa "Sociological Buku Lapachaka". Mtengo waukulu a French wasayansi-Katswiri Emile Durkheim mu University Sorbonne. Komabe, popanda izi, Dipatimenti ya Sociology linatsegulidwa pa University Columbia (1892)
• Mbali chachisanu, mtundu wa "kuzindikira" a boma, wakhala oyamba a ukatswiri sociological mu akaundula boma akatswiri. Motero, anthu potsiriza anazindikira Chaanthu.

Mu zaka 60 za khalidwe la anthu American analandira kwambiri capitalist ndalama. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chiwerengero cha akatswiri American chinawonjezeka 20,000, ndi maudindo a m'mabuku a periodicals sociological - kuti 30. Science watenga malo okwanira anthu.

Mu Chaanthu Soviet izo anatsitsimuka pambuyo October utasintha mu 1968 - pa Moscow State University. Koloko dipatimenti ya kafukufuku sociological. Mu 1974 anadza magaziniyo woyamba, ndipo mu 1980 mu kaundula akatswiri a dziko analowa ntchito sociological.

Ngati ife kulankhula za chitukuko za khalidwe la anthu ku Russia, tiyenera kuzitchula anatsegula mu 1989 ku Moscow State University Dipatimenti ya Sociology. "Adadzipereka kuyamba moyo" akatswiri 20 chikwi.

Choncho, institutionalization - ndiyo njira mu Russia, kumene kunachitika, koma ndi kuchedwa - poyerekezera France ndi United States - zaka zana limodzi.

Pomaliza

Masiku ano mozama mabungwe ambiri, palibe chuma, ndi mu malingaliro a anthu. maphunziro awo, institutionalization, ndi wamphamvu, dialectical ndondomeko. mabungwe lotha m'malo mwa atsopano, kwaiye zofuna kiyi okhudzidwa: kulankhulana, kupanga, kugawa, chitetezo, kukhala kusiyana chikhalidwe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa khalidwe pamalo.