Kapangidwe ndi nkhani ya nzeru

Chiyambi cha nzeru ndi sayansi anali akadali mu nthawi zakale, anali ndiye lingaliro pamaoneka Greece kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti mndandanda wa zinthu zonse za chilengedwe ndipo dziko akhoza streamlined mu yense limodzi lonse, amene m'tsogolo kukhala kuonetsetsa ena axioms zofunika kwambiri ndi mfundo. Ndiye mukhoza, sitepe ndi sitepe, mukhoza zifukwa nzeru otsala kotero kuti iwo onse adzakhala pamodzi monga dongosolo Integrated lonse.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa nkhani ya nzeru zikufunika ku sukulu ya Asitoiki ndi Plato Academy, kumene tichipeza zigawo zitatu - sayansi, logic ndi makhalidwe. Modern sayansi ndi mmodzi wa sayansi ambiri, pamene sayansi Greek kuimira sayansi zokhudza chilengedwe lonse ndi zinthu payekha: danga, moto, madzi, mchere, zomera ndi nyama. Gulu Greek kutanthauziridwa sayansi, monga sayansi kuti alipo palokha. Ethics ndi sayansi ya khalidwe la munthu, khalidwe lake, ndiponso zochita zonse za mbali iliyonse zokhudzana ndi moyo wa anthu, koma mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso ichi chinali khalidwe labwino. Zomveka - amatha kuganiza ndi kulankhula, kufotokoza zochita ndi zinthu mu mawu.

Choncho, nkhani ya nzeru m'gulu sayansi atatu osiyana ndi atatu mavuto aakulu nzeru zaumunthu, logwirizana ndi mbali zitatu za dziko leni leni - chilengedwe, chikhalidwe ndi maganizo. Patapita zaka zambiri, wasayansi wamkulu - nzeru zapamwamba Hegel ananena kuti nzeru ndi chimodzi ndi nthawi udzagawika mbali zitatu zazikulu - nzeru, nzeru za chikhalidwe ndi nzeru za malingaliro. Komabe, m'nthawi ya atumwi BC zitatu nzeru zaumunthu malangizo ife anawonjezera chachinayi, kutiuza ife za zoyamba za zinthu zonse kapena uMulungu wa dziko. Choncho, nkhani ya nzeru anawonjezera akuti ina yofunika imene yakhala dzina la metaphysics.

Kuchokera chinayi m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu zasintha kwambiri sayansi, mogwirizana ndi zikamera wa sayansi experimental ndi masamu, amene adzakhala zivute zitani zimakhudzira pa maganizo a anthu ndi katundu pa phunziro kwambiri nzeru za anthu. Kapangidwe ka nzeru nthanthi kufika monga kufunafuna njira zatsopano za ziphunzitso lodalirika m'munda wa njira ndi epistemology. Anayambitsa nzeru yatsopano imatengedwa Descartes ndi Bacon, lomwe limasiyanitsa mitundu ikuluikulu ya chidziwitso cha peculiarities kwa moyo wa munthu, mwinamwake kudziwika luso. Nayenso Descartes anaganiza chithunzithunzi cha nzeru ngati mtengo, pamene muzu uli metaphysics, thunthu - sayansi, ndi nthambi - sayansi yonse yina, magwero ake ku zikhulupiriro - mankhwala, chikhalidwe, zimango. Choncho, metaphysics imatengedwa kuti kwambiri odalirika ndi zofunika sayansi kuposa masamu, koma onse ali kumapeto, zolinga umene opambana makhalidwe.

Mpaka m'zaka XVIII, panali pafupifupi palibe kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro a "sayansi" ndi "nzeru", nkhani ya nzeru ikukhudza chitukuko cha kwenikweni sayansi. The wasayansi wamkulu ndi masamu ya nthawi, Newton akunena kuti ndi nzeru zapamwamba woona, ndi Karl Linney otchedwa ntchito yake "Philosophy la zomera". Kapangidwe ndi nkhani ya nzeru akadali mfundo zinayi zofunika: maphunziro azachilengedwe - nzeru za umunthu, epistemology - sayansi a chidziwitso, makhalidwe - chiphunzitso cha zabwino, ndi chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wawo mtheradi - ndi metaphysics. Ngakhale kuti kapangidwe ndi nkhani ya nzeru papita nthawi lonse linakhalapo, aliyense wa nzeru ali mkati yake logic ndi yake yapadera malangizo. Mbali zimenezi kupanga nkhani ya nzeru si zofunika kumvetsa, komanso zosangalatsa kwambiri kuphunzira ndi chidziwitso cha chithunzithunzi cha dziko, komanso malo awo mu dziko lino.